Gov. Gavin Newsom has proposed a 28th Amendment to the United States Constitution to enshrine fundamental, broadly supported gun safety measures into law.
Newsom’s office said the amendment will leave the Second Amendment unchanged while respecting America’s gun-owning tradition.
“Our ability to make a more perfect union is literally written into the Constitution,” said Newsom.
He said the 28th Amendment he’s proposing “will enshrine in the Constitution common sense gun safety measures that Democrats, Republicans, Independents, and gun owners overwhelmingly support — while leaving the Second Amendment unchanged and respecting America’s gun-owning tradition.”
The 28th Amendment will permanently enshrine four broadly supported gun safety principles into the U.S. Constitution:
• Raising the federal minimum age to purchase a firearm from 18 to 21; • Mandating universal background checks to prevent truly dangerous people from purchasing a gun that could be used in a crime; • Instituting a reasonable waiting period for all gun purchases; and • Barring civilian purchase of assault weapons that serve no other purpose than to kill as many people as possible in a short amount of time - weapons of war our nation’s founders never foresaw.
Additionally, the 28th Amendment will affirm Congress, states, and local governments can enact additional common-sense gun safety regulations that save lives.
Passage of the 28th Amendment will require a convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution, also known as an Article V Convention or amendatory convention.
Working in partnership with members of the California State Senate and Assembly, California will be the first state in the nation to call for such a convention with a joint resolution being introduced by California State Senator Aisha Wahab and Assemblymember Reggie Jones-Sawyer.
The governor will work with grassroots supporters, elected and civic leaders, and broad and diverse coalitions across the nation to fight for the passage of similar resolutions in other state legislatures to ensure the convening of a constitutional convention limited to this subject.
Thirty-three other states, in addition to California, would need to take action to convene such a convention.
“I am proud to introduce this resolution to protect the common sense gun reform legislation our Assembly Public Safety Committee has championed over the years,” said Assemblymember Reggie Jones-Sawyer. “We cannot stand idly while courts roll back our work and diminish the ability of our Legislature to keep Californians safe. This bold but fair resolution calls on other states to join us in protecting some of the most effective ways of reducing gun violence.”
With gun violence claiming the lives of over 110 Americans a day, California’s nation-leading gun safety laws are showing positive results, according to recent studies.
In its most recent scorecard, California ranked as the No. 1 state for gun safety by the Giffords Law Center, and according to the most recent data, the state saw a 37% lower gun death rate than the national average.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that California’s gun death rate was the 44th lowest in the nation, with 8.5 gun deaths per 100,000 people — compared to 13.7 deaths per 100,000 nationally, 28.6 in Mississippi, 20.7 in Oklahoma, and 14.2 in Texas.
The expected El Nino has emerged, according to scientists at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, a division of the National Weather Service.
Forecasters have issued an El Nino Advisory, noting that El Nino conditions are present and are expected to gradually strengthen into the winter.
El Nino is a natural climate phenomenon marked by warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean near the equator, which occurs on average every two to seven years. El Nino’s impacts on the climate extend far beyond the Pacific Ocean.
“Depending on its strength, El Nino can cause a range of impacts, such as increasing the risk of heavy rainfall and droughts in certain locations around the world,” said Michelle L'Heureux, climate scientist at the Climate Prediction Center. “Climate change can exacerbate or mitigate certain impacts related to El Nino. For example, El Nino could lead to new records for temperatures, particularly in areas that already experience above-average temperatures during El Nino.”
El Nino’s influence on the U.S. is weak during the summer and more pronounced starting in the late fall through spring.
By winter, there is an 84% chance of greater than a moderate strength El Nino, and a 56% chance of a strong El Nino developing.
Typically, moderate to strong El Nino conditions during the fall and winter result in wetter-than-average conditions from southern California to along the Gulf Coast and drier-than-average conditions in the Pacific Northwest and Ohio Valley.
El Nino winters also bring better chances for warmer-than-average temperatures across the northern tier of the country.
A single El Nino event will not result in all of these impacts, but El Nino increases the odds of them occurring.
The anticipated persistence of El Nino also contributed to the 2023 Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Hurricane Outlooks issued by NOAA last month.
El Nino conditions usually help to suppress Atlantic Hurricane activity, while the presence of El Nino typically favors strong hurricane activity in the central and eastern Pacific Basins.
Scientists have been forecasting the development of El Nino for the last few months and issued the first El Nino Watch on April 13.
By getting to know your neighbors and investing in your community, you can make your neighborhood safer. Vladimir Vladimirov/E+/Getty Images Ishita Chordia, University of Washington
A series of gunshots fired late at night in East Atlanta recently prompted my neighbor to post on our local Facebook group, asking what we can do as a community to make it less dangerous to live and work in the area.
You may be asking yourself the same question. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, cities across the country have seen an increase in gun violence and homicides.
Around the country, crime seems to be rising, and that sense of danger influences our daily choices – from where we walk our dogs to how we vote.
As a researcher at the University of Washington, I study how media and technology influence our sense of safety. New apps and technologies have made crime information increasingly accessible and available in real time and on demand. However, I’ve found that access to so much information can cause some people to feel helpless and anxious rather than empowered.
If that sounds like you, here are four evidence-based strategies you can use to take power and transform your neighborhood. While these strategies may not lead to immediate changes, they shift the underlying social, economic and environmental characteristics of your neighborhood to make it truly safer in the long run.
For example, if you see a child involved in a fight, knowing your neighbors might help you contact the child’s parent or guardian or intervene yourself. If you see an older adult looking lost, you may know how to guide them home or call someone who does. You do not need to be close friends with your neighbors, but by taking small, consistent actions to look out for one another, especially those neighbors who are most vulnerable, you are creating a safer community.
2. Selectively listen to crime news
Despite the real problems the country is facing with gun violence, crime rates in the United States are still at historic lows: Property crime and violent crime have been decreasing steadily since the early 1990s, with a slight uptick in violent crime since 2015.
Then why have you heard about so much crime?
While crime rates are largely decreasing, information about crime is more accessible than ever. Mobile apps and websites now enable you to view and share crime information in real time with the click of a few buttons.
In a recent study, we interviewed people who use the Citizen app to stay informed about local safety incidents. We found that while such apps can provide users with timely local information, they can also spike users’ fears by raising the salience and visibility of every little incident regardless of whether it presents a risk to users’ safety.
The Citizen app, like many other apps, has a financial incentive to report as much information as possible because it profits from users’ engagement. However, for users of these apps, the resulting fear can lead them to avoid going out in the evenings or heighten their fear of strangers - the opposite of the kind of social trust and cohesion necessary for long-term crime prevention.
If you find yourself feeling anxious or fearful after reading crime news, consider using filters, turning off alerts and maintaining perspective by reading good news as well as the crime stories.
3. Support local organizations
Another influential study found that organizations that focus on neighborhood development, substance abuse prevention, crime prevention, job training and recreational activities for youth all reduce the crime rate.
The study was large, looking at data from 20 years and 264 cities, and found that establishing 10 additional community organizations in a city decreases the homicide rate by 9%, the violent crime rate by 6% and the property crime rate by 4% within a year. Those effects persist for at least three years, even if the organizations cease to exist.
One famous example is a program called Midnight Basketball, which began in the early 1990s in Washington D.C. Its aim was to provide youth with a safe space to play basketball during high-crime hours and use that opportunity to connect them with educational and social services.
Despite research documenting the success of Midnight Basketball in reducing crime, the program struggled for many years due to poor political and financial support. By supporting local, high-quality programs in various ways – with dollars, volunteer time and political support – community members can begin addressing the underlying social and economic factors that lead to crime in the first place.
4. Fix up your neighborhood
Organizing is an effective crime prevention strategy. When neighborhoods organize against crime, however, they often default to crime watches and neighborhood patrols. One study estimates that over 40% of the U.S. population lives in areas monitored by a neighborhood watch group.
There are other ways to organize that makes the area safer for everyone. For example, you can focus on changing the underlying characteristics of a neighborhood.
Community members can identify individual blocks or vacant plots of land that look run down. Clean up trash, advocate for more street lights and plant greenery – the goal is to transform run-down parts of your neighborhood into vibrant areas where people would enjoy congregating.
When you feel unsafe, a natural reaction is to isolate yourself and distrust the strangers around you. However, such responses not only lead to more fear, but they can also weaken community cohesion and make your neighborhood less safe.
By building relationships, looking out for one another and investing in your social and physical infrastructure, you can truly make your neighborhood safer in the long run.
LAKE COUNTY, Calif. — The Board of Supervisors this week will present several proclamations along with funds to local senior centers.
The board will meet beginning at 9 a.m. Tuesday, June 13, in the board chambers on the first floor of the Lake County Courthouse, 255 N. Forbes St., Lakeport.
The meeting ID is 954 4293 9695, pass code 322743. The meeting also can be accessed via one tap mobile at +16699006833,,95442939695#,,,,*322743#.
All interested members of the public that do not have internet access or a Mediacom cable subscription are encouraged to call 669-900-6833, and enter the Zoom meeting ID and pass code information above.
At 9:08 a.m., the board will present American Rescue Plan Act funds to county senior centers to assist with capital improvements and other necessary updates at their specific locations.
At 9:15 a.m., the supervisors will present a proclamation recognizing June 19, 2023, as “Juneteenth National Freedom Day: A Day of Observance.”
That will be followed at 9:20 a.m. with a proclamation honoring Record-Bee Sports Editor Brian Sumpter for 40 years of service and at 9:30 a.m. with a proclamation Michele Carson as the first Lake County recipient of Tourism Ambassador Institute’s International CTA of the Year Award.
The full agenda follows.
CONSENT AGENDA
5.1: Adopt proclamation honoring Brian Sumpter for his 40 years of devotion and service to the county of Lake.
5.2: Approve the continuation of the proclamation declaring a shelter crisis emergency due to the current need for sheltering for those experiencing homelessness during the weather and temperature patterns that the county of Lake has been experiencing.
5.3: Approve continuation of proclamation declaring a Clear Lake hitch emergency.
5.4: Approve continuation of proclamation of the existence of a local emergency due to pervasive tree mortality.
5.5: Adopt proclamation celebrating Michele Carson as the first Lake County recipient of Tourism Ambassador Institute’s International CTA of the Year Award.
5.6: Second reading of ordinance amending Section 2-3A.2, Compensation of the Board of Supervisors, and Section 2-3B, Trial and Grand Jurors, of Article 1, Chapter 2 of the Lake County Code.
5.7: Adopt resolution approving Agreement No.23-0148-000-SA with the state of California, Department of Food and Agriculture and authorize the execution of the Fuels, Lubricants, and Automotive Products Program agreement in the amount of $2,475 for Period July 1, 2023, through June 30, 2024.
5.8: Adopt resolution approving unanticipated revenue to fund aquatic weed control program.
5.9: Approve agreement between county of Lake and the Lake County Office of Education for the Safe Schools Healthy Students Program for school-based specialty mental health services in the amount of $500,000 for Fiscal Year 2023-24 and authorize the board chair to sign.
5.10: Approve agreement between county of Lake and Davis Guest Home in the amount of $210,000 for FY 2023-24 and authorize the board chair to sign.
5.11: Approve memorandum of understanding between Lake County Behavioral Health Services and Lake County Health Services Departments for the Safe Rx Program in the amount of $80,000 through FY 2023-24 and authorize the board chair to sign.
5.12: Adopt proclamation recognizing June 19, 2023, as “Juneteenth National Freedom Day: A Day of Observance.”
5.13: Approve Board of Supervisors minutes for May 9 and May 23, 2023.
5.14: Approve amendment of previously approved purchase of new vehicle for Building & Safety Division, and authorize the Community Development director to sign the purchase order.
5.15: Approve leave of absence for Department of Social Services employee Christina Thomas from July 1, 2023, to June 2, 2024.
5.16: Approve continuation of an emergency declaration for drought conditions.
5.17: Approve continuation of a local emergency by the Lake County Sheriff/OES director for the January 2023 Atmospheric River Event.
5.18: Approve continuation of proclamation of the existence of a local emergency due to low elevation snow and extreme cold.
5.19: (a) Approve rental agreement between the county of Lake and Kevin Soto for Storage Hangar No. 1 at Lampson Field for the monthly amount of $300, and authorize the chair to sign; and (b) approve rental agreement between the county of Lake and Kevin Soto for Storage Hangar No. 2 at Lampson Field for the monthly amount of $500, and authorize the chair to sign.
5.20: a) Waive the formal bidding process pursuant to County Ordinance 3109 Section 2-38 due to 38.5 purchase of proprietary articles in which contractor is the sole provider of service; and, b) approve contract between county of Lake and Excellesoft Partners LLC for REVA Software, in the amount of $31,530 from April 15, 2023 to June 30, 2026, and authorize the chair to sign.
5.21: Approve proposed revision to the Merit System Services social worker IV classification specification.
5.22: Adopt resolution revising the Fiscal Year 2022-2023 Adopted Budget of the county of Lake by canceling reserves in Fund 262 CSA No. 2 Spring Valley Water System Replacement Reserve Designation, in the amount of $10,000 to make appropriations in the Budget Unit 8462, Object Code 784.18-00 Maintenance — Buildings & Improvements, for the purchase of a weir gate activator.
5.23: Adopt resolution authorizing the Special Districts administrator to sign a notice of completion for work performed under the agreement dated Jan. 30, 2023.
5.24: Approve and sign the agreement between county of Lake and Clean Lakes Inc. for the Aquatic Vegetation Management Program for Fiscal Year 2022-2023.
5.25: Sitting as the Lake County Watershed Protection District, adopt resolution to amend the adopted budget for FY 22-23 by Increasing Revenue in Fund 200 Budget Unit 1809 Watershed Protection District to appropriate unanticipated revenue.
5.26: Sitting as the Lake County Watershed Protection District, approve a purchase order for the purchase of equipment outlined in Exhibit A for District levee and Highland Springs vegetation maintenance, and authorize the Water Resources director/assistant purchasing agent to sign the purchase orders.
TIMED ITEMS
6.2, 9:07 a.m.: Pet of the Week.
6.3, 9:08 a.m.: Presentation of funds to the Lake County senior centers.
6.4, 9:15 a.m.: Presentation of proclamation recognizing June 19, 2023, as “Juneteenth National Freedom Day: A Day of Observance.”
6.5, 9:20 a.m.: Presentation of proclamation honoring Brian Sumpter for his 40 years of devotion and service to the county of Lake.
6.6, 9:30 a.m.: Presentation of proclamation celebrating Michele Carson as the first Lake County recipient of Tourism Ambassador Institute’s International CTA of the Year Award.
6.7, 10 a.m.: Consideration of project plan for South Lake algae bloom abatement in the Clearlake and Clearlake Oaks areas and submit project plan for funding to ARPA committee for their consideration, and/or to consider using Local Assistance and Tribal Consistency Fund, and/or to submit as a potential project to Congressman Thompson for the annual Congressional Community Project Funding.
6.8, 11 a.m.: Sitting as the Board of Directors, Lake County Watershed Protection District, presentation of the Clear Lake Integrated Aquatic Plant Management Program.
UNTIMED ITEMS
7.2: Review and consideration of travel and reimbursement policy.
7.3: Consideration of public defender contract amendment No. 10 between the county of Lake and Lake Indigent Defense LLP for the purpose of extending the term of the contract to June 30, 2024, and increasing the monthly contract amount $143,750 to fund an additional felony attorney and authorize chair to sign.
7.4: Consideration of the following Advisory Board Appointment: Cobb Municipal Advisory Council Fish and Wildlife Advisory Committee.
7.5: Consideration of designating the Lake County Board of Supervisors’ representative for the North Coast Opportunities Governing Board.
7.6: Consideration of Change Order No. 1 Cooper Creek Bridge at Witter Springs Road, Federal Project No. BRLO-5914(078); Bid No. 22-03, with West Coast Contractors, for an increase of $6,062.61 and a revised contract amount of $1,496,872.35 and authorize the chair to sign.
7.7: Consideration of the distribution of excess proceeds in the amount of $333,121.90 from tax defaulted tax sale No. 159 held on June 5, 2021 (per R&T §4675).
CLOSED SESSION
8.1: Public employee appointment pursuant to Gov. Code Section 54957(b) (1): Interviews for Behavioral Health director; appointment of Behavioral Health director.
8.2: Public employee appointment pursuant to Gov. Code Section 54957(b) (1): Interviews for Public Health officer; appointment of Public Health officer.
8.3: Public employee discipline/dismissal/release.
8.4: Conference with legal counsel: Significant exposure to litigation pursuant to Gov. Code section 54956.9(d)(2), (e)(1) — One potential case.
8.5: Conference with legal counsel: Existing litigation pursuant to Gov. Code sec. 54956.9 (d)(1) — FERC Project No. 77, Potter Valley Hydroelectric Project.
Email Elizabeth Larson at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. Follow her on Twitter, @ERLarson, or Lake County News, @LakeCoNews.
UPPER LAKE, Calif. — A celebration is planned to honor the work done by volunteers and the Post Wildfire OHV Recovery Alliance in partnership with the U.S. Forest Service over the last six months to reopen motorized trails damaged by heavy winter storms.
The celebration event for Post Wildfire OHV Recovery Alliance, or PWORA, will be held on Saturday, June 17, at the Middle Creek Campground on the Mendocino National Forest near Upper Lake.
It will take place from 9 a.m. to 2:30 p.m.
The severe rain storms, high winds, and heavy snow had caused hundreds of trees damaged by recent wildfires to fall across the designated road and trail system that blocked public access and raised concerns about rider safety and environmental impacts due to unauthorized reroutes around blocked travelways.
To help address those storm impacts, PWORA organized numerous work events attended by 170 volunteers who contributed over 2,000 hours to clear downed trees off of the multiple-use road and trail system managed by the Upper Lake Ranger District.
PWORA worked with District Ranger Frank Aebly and OHV recreation specialist, Matt Nourmohamadian, to ensure that trail clearing efforts followed sustainable trail management practices and safety protocols.
“Getting OHV routes reopened for public use before the Memorial Day Weekend was a herculean effort that was only accomplished by a strong collaboration between PWORA, volunteer crews, and the Upper Lake Ranger District management and staff,” said Ted Cabral, PWORA president and CEO.
“Special thanks also goes to the Lake County Public Works Department and Forest Service law enforcement who worked on a temporary fix and management strategy to reopen a slide on a section of the Elk Mountain Road to allow for trail repair crews to continue clearing downed trees,” Cabral said.
Cabral added, “The celebration event is an appropriate way to highlight the heavy lift by the Forest Service and partners to reopen this important recreation area so it can once again be enjoyed by the recreation community.”
PWORA thanked its many sponsors and grant partners who helped make the reopening possible and they include, FOX FACTORY Trail Trust Program, Factory Pipe, Metal Cloak Industries, California State Park OHV Grant Program, Metal Cloak Industries, Yamaha Grant Initiative and the Marin County Motorcycle Association.
BERKELEY, Calif. — NASA's Parker Solar Probe has flown close enough to the sun to detect the fine structure of the solar wind close to where it is generated at the sun's surface, revealing details that are lost as the wind exits the corona as a uniform blast of charged particles.
It's like seeing jets of water emanating from a showerhead through the blast of water hitting you in the face.
In a paper appearing online today (June 7) in the journal Nature, a team of scientists led by Stuart D. Bale, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and James Drake of the University of Maryland-College Park, report that the Parker Solar Probe has detected streams of high-energy particles that match the supergranulation flows within coronal holes, which suggests that these are the regions where the so-called "fast" solar wind originates.
Coronal holes are areas where magnetic field lines emerge from the surface without looping back inward, thus forming open field lines that expand outward and fill most of space around the sun.
These holes are usually at the poles during the sun's quiet periods, so the fast solar wind they generate doesn't hit Earth. But when the sun becomes active every 11 years as its magnetic field flips, these holes appear all over the surface, generating bursts of solar wind aimed directly at Earth.
Understanding how and where the solar wind originates will help predict solar storms that, while producing beautiful auroras on Earth, can also wreak havoc with satellites and the electrical grid.
“Winds carry lots of information from the sun to Earth, so understanding the mechanism behind the sun’s wind is important for practical reasons on Earth,” Drake said. “That’s going to affect our ability to understand how the sun releases energy and drives geomagnetic storms, which are a threat to our communication networks.”
Based on the team's analysis, the coronal holes are like showerheads, with roughly evenly spaced jets emerging from bright spots where magnetic field lines funnel into and out of the surface of the sun. The scientists argue that when oppositely directed magnetic fields pass one another in these funnels, which can be 18,000 miles across, the fields often break and reconnect, slinging charged particles out of the sun.
"The photosphere is covered by convection cells, like in a boiling pot of water, and the larger scale convection flow is called supergranulation," Bale said. "Where these supergranulation cells meet and go downward, they drag the magnetic field in their path into this downward kind of funnel. The magnetic field becomes very intensified there because it's just jammed. It's kind of a scoop of magnetic field going down into a drain. And the spatial separation of those little drains, those funnels, is what we're seeing now with solar probe data."
Based on the Parker's detection of some much higher energy particles — particles traveling 10 to 100 times faster than the solar wind average — the researchers conclude that the wind could only be made by this process, which is called magnetic reconnection. Parker was launched in 2018 primarily to resolve two conflicting explanations for the origin of the high-energy particles that comprise the solar wind: magnetic reconnection or acceleration by plasma or Alfvén waves.
"The big conclusion is that it's magnetic reconnection within these funnel structures that's providing the energy source of the fast solar wind," Bale said. "It doesn't just come from everywhere in a coronal hole, it's substructured within coronal holes to these supergranulation cells. It comes from these little bundles of magnetic energy that are associated with the convection flows. Our results, we think, are strong evidence that it's reconnection that's doing that."
The funnel structures likely correspond to the bright jetlets that can be seen from Earth within coronal holes, as reported recently by Nour Raouafi, a co-author of the study and the Parker Solar Probe project scientist at the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. APL, located in Laurel, Maryland, designed, built, manages and operates the spacecraft.
“Solving the mystery of the solar wind has been a six-decade dream of many generations of scientists,” said Raouafi. “Now, we are grasping at the physical phenomenon that drives the solar wind at its source — the corona.”
Plunging into the sun
By the time the solar wind reaches Earth, 93 million miles from the sun, it has evolved into a homogeneous, turbulent flow of roiling magnetic fields intertwined with charged particles that interact with Earth's own magnetic field and dump electrical energy into the upper atmosphere.
This excites atoms, producing colorful auroras at the poles, but has effects that trickle down into Earth's atmosphere. Predicting the most intense winds, called solar storms, and their near-Earth consequences is one mission of NASA's Living With a Star program, which funded Parker.
The probe was designed to determine what this turbulent wind looks like where it's generated near the sun's surface, or photosphere, and how the wind's charged particles — protons, electrons and heavier ions, primarily helium nuclei — are accelerated to escape the sun's gravity.
To do this, Parker had to get closer than 25 to 30 solar radii, that is, closer than about 13 million miles.
"Once you get below that altitude, 25 or 30 solar radii or so, there's a lot less evolution of the solar wind, and it's more structured — you see more of the imprints of what was on the sun," Bale said.
In 2021, Parker's instruments recorded magnetic field switchbacks in the Alfvén waves that seemed to be associated with the regions where the solar wind is generated. By the time the probe reached about 12 solar radii from the surface of the sun — 5.2 million miles — the data were clear that the probe was passing through jets of material, rather than mere turbulence.
Bale, Drake and their colleagues traced these jets back to the supergranulation cells in the photosphere, where magnetic fields bunch up and funnel into the sun.
But were the charged particles being accelerated in these funnels by magnetic reconnection, which would slingshot particles outward, or by waves of hot plasma — ionized particles and magnetic field — streaming out of the sun, as if they're surfing a wave?
The fact that Parker detected extremely high-energy particles in these jets — tens to hundreds of kiloelectron volts (keV), versus a few keV for most solar wind particles — told Bale that it has to be magnetic reconnection that accelerates the particles and generates the Alfvén waves, which likely give the particles an extra boost.
"Our interpretation is that these jets of reconnection outflow excite Alfvén waves as they propagate out," Bale said. "That's an observation that's well known from Earth's magnetotail, as well, where you have similar kind of processes. I don't understand how wave damping can produce these hot particles up to hundreds of keV, whereas it comes naturally out of the reconnection process. And we see it in our simulations, too. "
Parker won't be able to get any closer to the sun than about 8.8 solar radii above the surface — about 4 million miles — without frying its instruments. Bale expects to solidify the team's conclusions with data from that altitude, though the sun is now entering solar maximum, when activity becomes much more chaotic and may obscure the processes the scientists are trying to view.
"There was some consternation at the beginning of the solar probe mission that we're going to launch this thing right into the quietest, most dull part of the solar cycle," Bale said. "But I think without that, we would never have understood this. It would have been just too messy. I think we're lucky that we launched it in the solar minimum."
The work was funded by NASA (Contract NNN06AA01C).
Robert Sanders writes for the UC Berkeley News Center.
Mehreen S. Ismail, Justin M. Palarino and Brian McKenzie
More people moved across state lines in 2021 than in 2019, many to and from highly populated and neighboring states, according to new estimates released by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Nearly 7.9 million people in the United States moved between states in 2021, up from almost 7.4 million in 2019.
People moving between states made up 18.8% of all movers in 2021, compared to 16.7% of all movers in 2019.
This increase in state-to-state movers occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, which had sweeping effects on work and life circumstances such as a shift to remote work, potentially influencing geographic mobility.
Examining state-to-state migration patterns since the pandemic’s onset is key to understanding demographic, social and economic implications of migration during the pandemic era and beyond.
The Census Bureau regularly publishes data on state-to-state migration flows and just released estimates for 2021 based on 1-year data from the American Community Survey (ACS), which asks respondents if they changed residence in the last year.
By analyzing previous and current places of residence at the state level, we can estimate the number of people moving from origin states to destination states within a given year.
State-to-state migration
Within the broader context of geographic mobility, the extent of state-to-state migration varied across states. In-movers – or the number of people moving into a state – as a percentage of that state’s total number of movers ranged from 9.9% in California to 43.1% in the District of Columbia (Figure 1).
Most people moving into the District of Columbia came from neighboring states Virginia and Maryland.
Out-movers – or the number of people moving out of a state – as a percentage of that state’s total number of movers ranged from 11.0% in Texas to 46.8% in the District of Columbia (Figure 2). Most people moving out of the District of Columbia moved to Maryland, followed by Virginia.
States where in-movers made up at least 20% of all movers were spread across the country, while states where out-movers made up at least 20% of all movers were concentrated in the West and Northeast.
State-to-state flows and highly populated states
Highly populated states, including California, Texas and Florida, experienced some of the largest state-to-state flows.
People leaving these states tended to move to other highly populated or neighboring states (Table 1).
Most people moving from California, for example, relocated to Texas — the largest flow between two states — while most people moving from Florida moved to neighboring Georgia.
People moving to highly populated states tended to come from other states with large populations (Table 2).
For example, most people moving to Florida moved from New York, the fourth largest state in population and a longstanding origin of Florida-bound movers.
State-to-state flows between neighboring states
Moving between neighboring states resulted in sizable state-to-state flows across all regions (Table 3).
In the Northeast, for example, the largest state-to-state flow was from New York to neighboring New Jersey. In the Midwest, it was from Illinois to neighboring Indiana.
Notably, most people moving from a state in the South moved to another state in the same region, with similar flows between Florida and Georgia and vice versa.
User notes
Estimates referring to the total number of movers account for migration between the 50 states and the District of Columbia and from abroad. Estimates of specific state-to-state flows exclude migration from Puerto Rico and abroad. All estimates are for the population 1 year and over.
Mehreen Ismail and Justin Palarino are survey statisticians in the Census Bureau’s Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division. Brian McKenzie is chief of the Journey-to-Work and Migration Statistics Branch in the Census Bureau’s Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division.
LAKE COUNTY, Calif. — The Lake County Chamber of Commerce is pleased to announce that Michele Carson, client relations manager at Strong Financial Network, has been named the “CTA of the Year” by the Tourism Ambassador Institute.
The institute, or TAI, is an international organization that licenses and accredits over 30 local CTA Programs in 20 states.
The Lake County CTAs have been delivering quality education to local residents that aspire to become advocates for Lake County.
The CTA Program teaches best practices, itinerary planning, customer service, and helps the CTAs increase their knowledge of Lake County. The program provides resources so that CTA know how to answer questions from visitors.
“Michele Carson, this year's recipient of the CTA of the Year Award, was an absolute standout amongst the competition,” said John Marks, former CEO of the San Francisco Convention & Visitors’ Bureau and Chair of the 2023 International CTA of the Year judging committee.
Marks said Carson leads an innovative, and involved program in Lake County, “where she plans, and executes, numerous gatherings for her local CTA’s to become even more involved in the community. Every time Michele walks into a room, everyone is greeted with a genuine smile, and her sense of invaluable service."
Carson is the shining star of this program, dedicating countless volunteer hours running meetings, facilitating annual strategizing sessions, planning “EdVentures” that combine fun social activities with education, and coordinating an annual project that will place our beautiful county in a positive light to our visitors.
In 2022, Carson wrote a grant and was awarded funding to promote Lake County to visiting anglers. The fishing industry has a big impact on the local economy, and she believed that we could do more to make the anglers feel more welcome.
She produced banners and signs for businesses and municipalities to display to make visiting anglers feel more welcome when they visited Clear Lake.
Carson is also credited with collaborating with the Clear Lake High School’s Culinary Program to ensure that the students became CTAs over the course of their studies.
“The CTA Program has been recognized by the Lakeport Unified School District administration as academically sound and has included in Clear Lake High School’s Hospitality Career Technical Education curriculum, a career readiness program that prepares students to enter the workforce upon graduation,” said Laura McAndrews Sammel, CEO of the Lake County Chamber of Commerce. “We are thrilled to serve our local businesses by offering this training to our up-and-coming workforce.”
Lake County boasts the only CTA Program in the entire network that is chaired and overseen by volunteers.
While Carson’s efforts are supported by the paid staff at the Lake County Chamber of Commerce, much of the program is coordinated by Carson and the CTA Core Committee — with the help of many other CTAs, which is what the chamber called “the Michele Magic.”
Carson is credited with being able to take an idea that someone mentions to her and put it into action. It inspires others into action and, before you know it, another major accomplishment has been made.
She focuses on strong customer service to and for Lake County’s visitors because she innately understands how that impacts economic development for the community.
Lake County residents and visitors alike will recognize a CTA by the gold or silver star lapel pin. Some CTAs wear their pin to work, while others don theirs when they go out to a community event.
Carson was recently spotted wearing hers at a friend’s wedding reception. She is always prepared to answer visitors’ questions no matter where she is! This international accolade proves what we already know: Michele Carson is a shining Lake County Star.
KELSEYVILLE, Calif. — Caltrans and local officials on Wednesday gathered at State Route 29 at Konocti Rock Company Road to celebrate the completion of the $85 million Konocti Corridor project, the first phase of a safety project that will eventually widen an 8-mile section of Route 29.
The cost was covered by Caltrans, the Lake Area Planning Council, or Lake APC, and the Federal Highway Administration.
“Completing the first phase of the Konocti Corridor Project advances the long term vision for a brighter future for Lake County and all Californians,” said Caltrans District 1 Director Matt Brady. “Our continuing partnership with the Lake Area Planning Council and the Federal Highway Administration has helped make this safety project possible.”
Lake APC Executive Director Lisa Davey-Bates, who has worked on this project for 23 years, highlighted the importance of the partnerships that enabled the project to proceed.
“From the start, it’s been a long, but rewarding process. I’d like to take this opportunity to give my sincerest thanks to Caltrans staff who have contributed their time, energy, and financial support to the Konocti Corridor project,” said Davey-Bates. “Since 1988 there has been a team of experts working together on this project to provide a safer and more efficient roadway network for motorists, cyclists and pedestrians in Lake County.”
The corridor serves the communities of Lakeport, Kelseyville, Lower Lake and Middletown, as well as auto and commercial truck traffic traveling between U.S. 101 and Interstate 5.
With anticipated traffic growth, by expanding the section of highway to four lanes with controlled access, capacity will be increased, and highway safety will be significantly improved.
In addition, the new expressway will assist in achieving the long-range plan to divert traffic from communities on the northern end of Clearlake, where pedestrian and nonmotorized traffic safety have been an ongoing concern.
In all, the project will widen an 8-mile section of Route 29 and is separated into three different segments.
The recently completed 3-mile segment, 2C, extends from east of Route 175 near Kelseyville to Konocti Rock Company Road.
The other two portions, segment 2A and 2B, are to the east of 2C, and the partners are working to secure funding to complete the project.
“While we are grateful for the completion of the first phase of the Konocti Corridor safety project, we are still not done,” said Caltrans Corridor Manager Jaime Matteoli. “Our team is currently working on the financial support needed to finish the five-mile stretch of roadway on Route 29.”
O.C. Jones & Sons was the contractor for the first segment of the project.
Smoke from more than 100 wildfires burning across Canada has been rolling into North American cities far from the flames. New York City and Detroit were both listed among the five most polluted cities in the world because of the fires on June 7, 2023. The smoke has triggered air quality alerts in several states in recent weeks.
We asked Chris Migliaccio, a toxicologist at the University of Montana who studies the impact of wildfire smoke on human health, about the health risks people can face when smoke blows in from distant wildfires.
What’s in wildfire smoke that’s a problem?
When we talk about air quality, we often talk about PM2.5. That’s particulate matter 2.5 microns or smaller – small enough that it can travel deep into the lungs.
Exposure to PM2.5 from smoke or other air pollution, such as vehicle emissions, can exacerbate health conditions like asthma and reduce lung function in ways that can worsen existing respiratory problems and even heart disease.
But the term PM2.5 only tells you about size, not composition – what is burning can make a significant difference in the chemistry.
In the northern Rockies, where I live, most fires are fueled by vegetation, but not all vegetation is the same. If the fire is in the wildland urban interface, manufactured fuels from homes and vehicles may also be burning, and that’s going to create its own toxic chemistry, as well. Chemists often talk about volatile organic compounds, (VOCs), carbon monoxide and PAHs, or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced when biomass and other matter burns having the potential to harm human health.
How does inhaling wildfire smoke harm human health?
If you have ever been around a campfire and got a blast of smoke in your face, you probably had some irritation. With exposure to wildfire smoke, you might get some irritation in the nose and throat and maybe some inflammation. If you’re healthy, your body for the most part will be able to handle it.
As with a lot of things, the dose makes the poison – almost anything can be harmful at a certain dose.
Generally, cells in the lungs called alveolar macrophages will pick up the particulates and clear them out – at reasonable doses. It’s when the system gets overwhelmed that you can have a problem.
The stress of an inflammatory response can also exacerbate existing health problems. Being exposed to wood smoke won’t independently cause someone to have a heart attack, but if they have underlying risk factors, such as significant plaque buildup, the added stress can increase the risk.
When smoke blows over long distances, does its toxicity change?
We know that the chemistry of wildfire smoke changes. The longer it’s in the atmosphere, the more the chemistry will be altered by ultraviolet light, but we still have a lot to learn.
Researchers have found that there seems to be a higher level of oxidation, so oxidants and free radicals are being generated the longer smoke is in the air. The specific health effects aren’t yet clear, but there’s some indication that more exposure leads to greater health effects.
The supposition is that more free radicals are generated the longer smoke is exposed to UV light, so there’s a greater potential for health harm. A lot of that, again, comes down to dose.
Chances are, if you’re a healthy individual, going for a bike ride or a hike in light haze won’t be a big deal, and your body will be able to recover.
If you’re doing that every day for a month in wildfire smoke, however, that raises more concerns. I’ve worked on studies with residents at Seeley Lake in Montana who were exposed to hazardous levels of PM2.5 from wildfire smoke for 49 days in 2017. We found a decrease in lung function a year later. No one was on oxygen, but there was a significant drop.
This is a relatively new area of research, and there’s still a lot we’re learning, especially with the increase in wildfire activity as the planet warms.
What precautions can people take to reduce their risk from wildfire smoke?
If there is smoke in the air, you want to decrease your exposure.
Can you completely avoid the smoke? Not unless you’re in a hermetically sealed home. The PM levels aren’t much different indoors and out unless you have a really good HVAC system, such as those with MERV 15 or better filters. But going inside decreases your activity, so your breathing rate is slower and the amount of smoke you’re inhaling is likely lower.
We also tend to advise people that if you’re in a susceptible group, such as those with asthma, create a safe space at home and in the office with a high-level stand-alone air filtration system to create a space with cleaner air.
Some masks can help. It doesn’t hurt to have a high-quality N95 mask. Just wearing a cloth mask won’t do much, though.
Most states have air quality monitors that can give you a sense of how bad the air quality is, so check those sites and act accordingly.
This article was updated June 7, 2023, with thick wildfire smoke over the U.S. Northeast and the latest map of smoke conditions.
LAKE COUNTY, Calif. — Lake County Animal Care and Control’s kennels this week continue to feature many dogs from puppies to older dogs needing homes.
Dogs available for adoption this week include mixes of Anatolian shepherd, Catahoula leopard dog, German shepherd, mastiff, pit bull, plott hound and pointer.
Dogs that are adopted from Lake County Animal Care and Control are either neutered or spayed, microchipped and, if old enough, given a rabies shot and county license before being released to their new owner. License fees do not apply to residents of the cities of Lakeport or Clearlake.
The following dogs at the Lake County Animal Care and Control shelter have been cleared for adoption.
Call Lake County Animal Care and Control at 707-263-0278 or visit the shelter online for information on visiting or adopting.
Male German shepherd puppy
This 6-month-old male German shepherd puppy has a black and tan coat.
He is in kennel No. 2, ID No. LCAC-A-5315.
Female pit bull
This 2-year-old female pit bull has a short black and white coat.
She is in kennel No. 4, ID No. LCAC-A-5301.
Anatolian shepherd-mastiff mix
This 3-year-old male Anatolian shepherd-mastiff mix has a short fawn coat.
He is in kennel No. 5, ID No. LCAC-A-5276.
Male pit bull puppy
This 3-month-old male pit bull puppy has a short brindle coat.
He is in kennel No. 6, ID No. LCAC-A-5266.
Male pit bull terrier
This 3-month-old male pit bull terrier has a short brindle coat.
He is in kennel No. 7, ID No. LCAC-A-5265.
Male pit bull
This 1-year-old male pit bull terrier has a short black coat.
He is in kennel No. 11, ID No. LCAC-A-5258.
Male Catahoula leopard dog puppy
This 2-month-old male Catahoula leopard dog puppy has a short brindle coat with white markings.
He is in kennel No. 12b, ID No. LCAC-A-5245.
Female Catahoula leopard dog puppy
This 2-month-old female Catahoula leopard dog puppy has a short brindle coat with white markings.
She is in kennel No. 12c, ID No. LCAC-A-5246.
Male plott hound
This 2-year-old male plott hound has a short brown coat.
He is in kennel No. 18, ID No. LCAC-A-5143.
Female pit bull terrier
This 5-year-old female pit bull terrier has a short gray and white coat.
She is in kennel No. 19, ID No. LCAC-A-5321.
Female pit bull terrier
This one and a half year old female pit bull terrier has a short tricolor coat.
She is in kennel No. 20, ID No. LCAC-A-5312.
Male pit bull terrier
This 3-year-old male pit bull terrier has a short black and white coat.
He is in kennel No. 21, ID No. LCAC-A-5076.
Male shepherd
This 2-year-old male shepherd has a tan and white coat.
He is in kennel No. 22, ID No. LCAC-A-5223.
Male shepherd
This 1-year-old male shepherd has a tan coat.
He is in kennel No. 25, ID No. LCAC-A-5303.
Male pit bull
This 1-year-old male pit bull terrier has a short tan coat with white markings.
He is in kennel No. 26, ID No. LCAC-A-5120.
Male pit bull terrier
This 1-year-old male pit bull terrier has a black coat with white markings.
He is in kennel No. 27, ID No. LCAC-A-5203.
Male pit bull puppy
This 5-month-old male pit bull puppy has a white coat.
He is in kennel No. 29, ID No. LCAC-A-5325.
‘Luna’
“Luna” is a 1-year-old female husky with a red, tan and white coat.
She is in kennel No. 30, ID No. LCAC-A-5270.
Female pit bull-shepherd puppy
This 5-month-old female pit bull-shepherd puppy has a short tricolor coat.
She is in kennel No. 32, ID No. LCAC-A-5072.
Male shepherd
This 1-year-old male shepherd has a tricolor coat.
He is in kennel No. 33, ID No. LCAC-A-5310.
Email Elizabeth Larson at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. Follow her on Twitter, @ERLarson, or Lake County News, @LakeCoNews.