Thursday, 19 September 2024

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A mother’s breast milk supports immune responses in her newborn that help the infant’s gut become a healthy home to a mix of bacterial species, thanks in part to newly identified antibodies from the mother, according to a study by UC Berkeley researchers.

Scientists believe the gut is sterile and bacteria-free at birth, when suddenly the infant is exposed to bacteria from the wider world. The body learns to tolerate many bacterial species, and the relationship is regarded as mutually beneficial – in exchange for free meals, gut bacteria aid digestion, help prevent infection and enhance immune function.

The new study sheds light on how immune antibodies from breast milk interact with the just-forming immune system of the newborn to help shape lifelong immune responses that are key for establishing boundaries and balance between gut microbes and the mammalian host. If this balance fails to become established or later falters, chronic inflammatory conditions, such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, may result.

A healthy relationship between host and bacteria is deemed to be “commensal,” essentially meaning that neither is harmed.

In their studies of mice, Gregory Barton, the Class of ’36 Chair in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and post-doctoral fellow Meghan Koch, found that three specific types of antibodies, called Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G2b (IgG2b), and immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3), are present in breast milk and promote peace between the immune system and common gut-dwelling bacteria by putting the damper on inflammatory responses.

“This study provides real evidence that breast milk is important for a newborn’s health,” said Koch, who designed and conducted most of the experiments. “Breastfeeding helps to instruct the newborn’s immune system on how to appropriately respond to non-pathogenic bacteria, many of which may reside in the gut for a lifetime.”

Barton, Koch and their colleagues published their findings in the May 5 issue of the journal Cell.

IgA antibodies in milk had been identified earlier, but thought mainly to function to fight pathogens and to prevent bacteria from penetrating the gut wall and entering the circulation. IgG antibodies had been known to enter the infant in utero, and to help fight infection.

There are other components in breast milk known to shape the composition of the gut microbiota. As evidence for a long and evolving relationship between mammals and gut microbes, scientists previously identified sugars in breast milk that commensal bacteria can derive energy from, but which are indigestible to the infant.

In addition, there are other molecules in breast milk, made by the mother’s immune system, that promote tolerance for commensal microbes while keeping them in the gut and away from the rest of the body.

The UC Berkeley scientists detected IgG2b- and IgG3-triggered immune responses directed toward commensal bacteria in two-week-old mice. These responses waned after three weeks, and grew stronger again in older mice. “The presence of these antibodies in young mice suggested that, like IgA, they are maternally derived,” Koch said.

When she genetically eliminated maternal-derived IgG2b, IgG3 and IgA antibodies, the mice were more susceptible to inflammatory responses caused by commensal microbes.

Barton said the distinctive immune responses by the newborn’s immature immune system were “surprising.”

The researchers found that the antibody responses against the gut microbiota did not depend on arousing the T helper cells that are the foot soldiers of the evolutionarily advanced “adaptive” immune system, but instead relied on signaling by the earlier-evolved, innate immune system.

The immune responses may serve to set up the immune system to eliminate commensal bacteria that might escape the gut and enter the circulation, without triggering an overwhelming inflammatory response, Barton said.

“What we have learned is that it is important for the immune system to recognize and to make an immune response to microbiota in the gut, but this response is qualitatively different than the immune response to pathogens,” Barton said.

“We identified breast milk as a primary source of IgG antibodies that are directed against commensal bacteria early in life and demonstrated that this maternally acquired, anti-commensal IgG helps dampen T-helper-cell-driven immune responses against newly encountered microbes.”

“While our study demonstrates the importance of commensal-specific IgG antibodies when acquired maternally, it is certainly possible that they serve important functions in adults, as well,” he added.

The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (Grants AI063302, AI095587, AI104914). UC Berkeley co-authors of the paper include Gabrielle Reiner, Kyler Lugo, Lieselotte Kreuk, Alison Stanbery, Eduard Ansaldo, Thaddeus Seher and William Ludington.

Robert Sanders writes for the UC Davis News Center.

050216kvilleseniorctr1KELSEYVILLE, Calif. – The Kelseyville Senior Center held a grand opening for its daily lunch program on Monday, May 2.

The event brought more than 40 local seniors who enjoyed the festivities and lunch.

Wendy Krieger joined the board of directors for the senior center and discovered the opportunity to host lunches for the senior community.

After months of planning, recruiting volunteers and reaching out to the community the grand opening was considered a huge success.

The board has looked into the lunch program before, but had difficulty finding volunteers to make it happen.

To continue its success the center is looking for more volunteers who can give a couple hours a week or more. Volunteers of all abilities and age are encouraged to get involved.

Lunches at 11:30 a.m. include salad bar, soup, entrée and beverage.

Seniors pay as you can with a suggestion of $5 and non seniors pay $6. The option for only soup and salad bar is pay as you can for seniors with a suggestion of $3 and non seniors pay $4.

The center opens at 9 a.m. with a free Tai Chi class for all ages and a pot of hot coffee.

For more information call the center at 707-279-2175.

050216kvilleseniorctr2

LAKEPORT, Calif. – The seventh and eighth grade students of Konocti Christian Academy would like to invite all members of the community to watch their performance of William Shakespeare’s “A Comedy of Errors,” on Tuesday, May 10.

The performance will take place beginning at 7 p.m., in the Little Theater on the Lake County Fairgrounds, 401 Martin St. in Lakeport.

This will be their second opportunity to perform, as they will have had their primary production at KCA’s 11th Annual Renaissance Faire the previous Saturday. 

Their teacher, Ben Sombs, explained, “The students have an amazing understanding of Shakespearean humor, and they truly bring the story to life.”

The production features an abbreviated script which retains the original language of Shakespeare and full costuming of the 13 students.

There will be no charge, but any donations would be gladly accepted. The students have been raising money for their end of the year trip to the Ashland Shakespeare Festival, and would appreciate your assistance.

Join them for an evening of merriment and support the arts.

KCA is located on the Lake County Fairgrounds in Lakeport and continues to offer quality Christian education for students in kindergarten through eighth grade, which includes challenging academics, high standards in character, Biblical training, and a low teacher-to-student ratio. 

For more information, contact the school at 707-262-1KCA, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. or at www.konoctichristianacademy.com .

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA – On Tuesday, May 10, and Wednesday, May 11, the Sonoma-Lake-Napa Unit of Cal Fire with the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation will be conducting crew readiness drills for the 2016 fire season.

Crews will be required to perform essential wildland firefighting skills such as fire line construction, a crew hike and fire shelter deployments. This is to evaluate their preparedness for the 2016 fire season.

“These drills are essential to gauge the readiness of the Unit Conservation Camp Crews for the upcoming Fire Season, and will qualify them for fire line assignments,” explained Unit Chief Shana Jones.

The drills will start each day at 8 a.m. and end at 5 p.m. Crew exercises will take place in the area of the 3000 block of Old Soda Springs Road, Napa. There is limited access to the drill site.

The public may see increased activity on Monticello Road and Soda Canyon Road with firefighting equipment.

UKIAH, Calif. – The annual Latino Student Retreat, sponsored by the Mendocino College Foundation, will take place on Friday, May 6.

The retreat will take place from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. beginning at the Center for Visual and Performing Arts at the Ukiah Campus, 1000 Hensley Creek Road.

The purpose of the Latino Student Retreat is to promote social and cultural awareness to the high school students from Mendocino and Lake counties.

The highlights include motivational speeches, workshops, entertainment and lunch.

The event has increased in popularity since its inception 26 years ago, and it continues to draw well-known and excellent Latino role models as presenters from political, legal, business and artistic fields.

The theme for this year’s retreat is “Somos los Líderes del Mañana” (We are the Leaders of Tomorrow).

There will be two accomplished presenters: Dr. Juan Carlos Astorga, the keynote and workshop leader, and Erica Fernández-Zamora, workshop leader, who will be sharing their cultural, educational and leadership experiences.

Juan Carlos Astorga has more than 20 years of experience in higher education having worked at the public, private, and community college level. He is the dean of student engagement at Los Angeles Pierce College. Previously, he served as dean of specially funded programs for Los Angeles Southwest College; director of TRIO Programs at Mt. San Antonio College; and assistant dean of student affairs at U.C. San Diego Sixth College.

He earned his bachelor's degree from U.C. San Diego and his master’s degree at San Diego State University. He graduated from the Educational Doctorate Program in Higher Education with a specialization in Community College Leadership from CSU Fullerton. His research focus is on leadership, engagement, and academic success of undocumented students in the community college system.

His parents immigrated to the United States when he was 4 years old and he was in bilingual education classes while in elementary school. He is a son, a father, an uncle, a brother, a husband. To him, family is what matters.

Erica Fernández-Zamora immigrated to the U.S. from a small town in Michoacán, Mexico and came to live in Oxnard, Calif., where she participated in every migrant education program available.

At the age of 12 she began to learn how to help mobilize her community in a four-year battle that resulted in the political/legal defeat of a mining company’s desire to build an environmentally hazardous facility off the coast of Oxnard.

Since then, she has completed two bachelor degrees and an master's degree in policy, organization and leadership studies at Stanford. She works for the Agricultural Labor Relations Board and investigates unfair labor practices.

The college anticipates more than 300 students from grades ninth to 12 will attend and be accompanied by their teachers, counselors and chaperones.

The schools planning to be in attendance are: Accelerated Achievement Academy, Anderson Valley, Clear Lake, Fort Bragg, Kelseyville, Lower Lake, Middletown, Point Arena, Potter Valley, Redwood Academy South Valley, Ukiah and Willits.

For questions about the Latino Student Retreat, please call Monica Flores at 707-468-1008.

LAKEPORT, Calif. – On Friday, May 6, downtown Lakeport will play host to art events including a local author's book signing and the First Friday Fling.

Watershed Books, 305 N. Main St., will host Gene Paleno from 3 to 5 p.m. as they celebrate his fabulous new book on the history of Lake County. 

Paleno will read from his book and chat about his inspiration, creative and publishing process, and will be happy to sign his books available for purchase.

Then from 5:30 to 7 p.m. First Friday Fling is in full swing as Clovice A. Lewis Jr. entertains and delights with musical selections from his latest album, "Summer" at LakeWorks, 307 N. Main St.

Next door at the Main Street Gallery, Saro & Reikor will share their lovely guitar and harp musical selections.

Don Angel Cellars wines will be available at the Main Street Gallery.

Refreshments and fun will be available all around.

For more information call 707-263-5787.

Upcoming Calendar

19Sep
09.19.2024 6:00 pm - 8:00 pm
Clearlake City Council
19Sep
09.19.2024 7:00 pm - 8:30 pm
Redbud Audubon Society
21Sep
09.21.2024 10:00 am - 1:00 pm
Farmers' Market at the Mercantile
21Sep
09.21.2024 4:00 pm - 10:00 pm
Passion Play fundraiser
21Sep
09.21.2024 4:30 pm - 10:00 pm
Lake County Wine Auction
24Sep
09.24.2024 10:00 am - 1:00 pm
Farmers' Market at Library Park
28Sep
09.28.2024 10:00 am - 1:00 pm
Farmers' Market at the Mercantile
5Oct
10.05.2024 7:00 am - 11:00 am
Sponsoring Survivorship
5Oct
10.05.2024 10:00 am - 1:00 pm
Farmers' Market at the Mercantile
12Oct
10.12.2024 10:00 am - 1:00 pm
Farmers' Market at the Mercantile

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