New laws approved by the California Legislature in 2019 will affect roadway safety in several ways, including increased distracted driving penalties, peace officer use of deadly force, bicycle turning movements at intersections, wildlife salvage permits, and motor carrier permit rules.
In support of the department’s mission of providing the highest level of safety, service, and security, the California Highway Patrol is highlighting several new laws passed this year.
Except where noted, these laws are effective Jan. 1, 2020.
License points for distracted driving (AB 47, Daly): Current law prohibits a person from driving a motor vehicle while using a wireless telephone in a handheld manner; if found in violation, the offense is punishable by a fine. However, beginning July 1, 2021, this new law will levy an additional penalty on a driver found in violation of California’s hands-free law: a point will be added on to a driver’s record for each hands-free violation occurring within 36 months of a prior conviction for the same offense.
Peace officer use of deadly force (AB 392, Weber): Beginning Jan. 1, 2020, this new law revises the standards for use of deadly force by peace officers. The use of deadly force by a peace officer is justifiable when the officer reasonably believes it is necessary. Section 835a of the Penal Code amends the reasonable force standard to “objectively reasonable force.”
Law enforcement: use of deadly force: training: policies (SB 230, Caballero): With the enactment of AB 392, this new law requires law enforcement agencies to rewrite use of force policy and provide mandatory training to all peace officers in order to comply with the new law.
Traffic control devices: bicycles (AB 1266, Rivas): This new law allows bicycles to travel straight through a right or left-hand turn-only lane while at an intersection, if an official traffic control device indicates the movement is permitted. The Department of Transportation would be required to develop standards to implement the provisions.
Transportation: omnibus bill (AB 1810, Committee on Transportation): Amends Section 34621 of the California Vehicle Code (CVC) allowing motor carriers of property to continue operating for 30 days past their permit expiration date, under specified circumstances. This legislation also provided for an amendment to Section 23229 CVC. California law will now prohibit the consumption of cannabis, in any manner, by passengers in a bus, taxicab, pedicab, limousine, housecars, or camper. This exemption is now only applicable to alcoholic beverages consumed by passengers in these types of vehicles.
Wildlife salvage permits (SB 395, Archuleta): Directs the Department of Fish and Wildlife to conduct a wildlife-collision data collection pilot program to support wildlife conservation efforts. Additionally, this bill would authorize the Fish and Game Commission, in consultation with the CHP and other stakeholders, to establish a wildlife salvage pilot program authorizing the issuance of a permit for the removal and recovery of deer, elk, pronghorn antelope, and wild pigs killed because of a collision with a vehicle, if the wild game meat is used for human consumption.
LAKE COUNTY, Calif. – To help keep motorists safe during this busy travel season, the California Highway Patrol is giving the gift of traffic safety tips.
During the hustle and bustle of the holidays, leave the dashing to the reindeer and take your time to ensure you arrive safely at your destination.
Another way to stay safe on the road during a time that may include increased celebrations is to designate a non-drinking driver.
Unfortunately, more than 1,000 drivers did not heed this advice prior to the Christmas Day Maximum Enforcement Period, or MEP, in 2018, resulting in 1,166 arrests by CHP officers for driving under the influence.
“Our goal at the CHP is for everyone to get home safe. When a person chooses to drink and drive, it not only puts their safety at risk, but it endangers the life of everyone on the road with them,” said CHP Commissioner Warren Stanley. “We encourage the public to help us save lives and remove these dangerous drivers from the roadway by reporting them to 9-1-1.”
According to data from the CHP’s Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System, at least 16 people were killed and nearly 350 others were injured in collisions involving impaired drivers in California throughout the 102-hour holiday enforcement period last year.
This year’s Christmas MEP begins at 6 p.m. on Tuesday, Dec. 24, and concludes at 11:59 p.m. on Wednesday, Dec. 25.
During that time, all available officers will be on the road for enhanced enforcement and to assist any drivers who need help.
Whether your holiday travel includes destinations near or far, it will likely mean increased traffic on the roadways.
It is important to practice safe driving habits, including getting plenty of rest, avoiding distractions, and always buckling up.
BERKELEY, Calif. – Climate skeptics have long raised doubts about the accuracy of computer models that predict global warming, but it turns out that most of the early climate models were spot-on, according to a look-back by climate scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and NASA.
Of 17 climate models published between the early 1970s and the late 2000s, 14 were quite accurate in predicting the average global temperature in the years after publication, said Zeke Hausfather, a doctoral student in UC Berkeley’s Energy and Resources Group and lead author of a new paper analyzing the models.
“The real message is that the warming we have experienced is pretty much exactly what climate models predicted it would be as much as 30 years ago,” he said. “This really gives us more confidence that today's models are getting things largely right as well.”
The results were published Dec. 4 in the journal Geophysical Research Letters and will appear, with Hausfather as a contributing author, as part of the first chapter of the next climate assessment by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, due out in 2021.
Hausfather and his colleagues at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies evaluated the models based on how well they predicted the actual global mean temperature – Earth’s average temperature – based on the levels of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels, are responsible for a rise of nearly 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit in global mean temperatures since 1880, two-thirds of that since 1975.
The researchers examined both how well models projected future temperatures and how well they matched the relationship between warming and changes in levels of greenhouse gases after they were published.
This second approach accounts for the fact that climate modelers can’t necessarily predict future emissions, which are driven by human behavior rather than atmospheric physics.
“We did not focus on how well their crystal ball predicted future emissions of greenhouse gases, because that is a question for economists and energy modelers, not climate scientists,” Hausfather said. “It is impossible to know exactly what human emissions will be in the future. Physics we can understand, it is a deterministic system; future emissions depend on human systems, which are not necessarily deterministic.”
One of the iconic climate models, and one that first brought the issue of climate change to broad public attention, was published by James Hansen of NASA in 1988. However, his predictions for temperatures after 1988 were 50 percent higher than the actual global mean temperatures in those years.
That is in part because Hanson did not anticipate the Montreal Protocol, a treaty that went into effect in 1989 and which banned chlorofluorocarbons, which are potent greenhouse gases. His estimates of future methane emissions were also off, Hausfather said.
“If you account for these and look at the relationship in his model between temperature and radiative forcing, which is CO2 and other greenhouse gases, he gets it pretty much dead on,” he said. “So the physics of his model was right. The relationship between how much CO2 there is in the atmosphere and how much warming you get, was right. He just got the future emissions wrong.”
Most of the other models also accurately predicted the average temperature when they were given real-world greenhouse gas levels.
Climate models continue to improve, Hausfather said, as they incorporate more and more of the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere, clouds, oceans and land. But it is too early to assess how well the current models predict future temperatures because the global mean temperature has a natural variation that can obscure the overall trend. It’s even too early to judge the IPCC’s fourth assessment, which was published in 2007.
Nevertheless, these models have been tested in other ways, including how well they would have predicted past climate variation: what’s called hindcasting.
“Climate models are a really important way for us to understand how the climate could change in the future, and now that we have taken a detailed look at how well past climate models have held up in terms of their projections, we are far more confident that our current generation of models are getting it right,” Hausfather said.
Hausfather’s coauthors are Henri Drake, who is with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography at Woods Hole and MIT, Tristan Abbott of MIT and Gavin Schmidt of NASA Goddard.
Robert Sanders writes for the UC Berkeley News Center.
Mother Earth seems to be on repeat with another month of heat: November 2019 was the second-hottest November in the 140-year global climate record.
Moreover, both the season (September through November) and the year to date (January through November) were each the second hottest in recorded history, according to scientists at NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information.
The exceptional heat also was felt at both ends of the world: Sea ice coverage across the Arctic and Antarctic oceans fell to near-record lows in November.
Here’s more from NOAA’s latest monthly global climate report.
Climate by the numbers – November 2019
The average global land and ocean surface temperature for November 2019 was 1.66 degrees F (0.92 of a degree C) above the 20th-century average and the second-highest November temperature on record, just shy of November of 2015.
In fact, the world’s five hottest Novembers have all occurred since 2013.
The average global sea surface temperature in November was 1.39 degrees F (0.77 of a degree C) above average – the second-highest temperature for November on record, behind November 2015.
Year to date and seasonal statistics
The year-to-date global land and ocean surface temperature was 1.69 degrees F (0.94 of a degree C) above the 20th-century average, which made it the second-warmest period of January through November in the 140-year record – just behind the same period in 2016.
The season (autumn or spring, depending on the hemisphere) saw an average global land and ocean temperature 1.69 degrees F (0.94 of a degree C) above the 20th-century average of 57.1 degrees F (14 degrees C). It was the second-hottest September-through-November period on record behind 2015.
More notable climate events from this report
– Sea-ice coverage shrank to its second-lowest size on record for November in both the Arctic and Antarctic behind that observed in November 2016. Arctic sea ice coverage was 12.8 percent below the 1981–2010 average, while the Antarctic coverage was 6.35 percent below average.
– Continents and island regions sweated it out: It was the hottest November on record for South America, Africa and the Hawaiian Islands. The Caribbean had its second-hottest November, and Europe had its seventh-hottest on record.
– Warming of the ocean continued: The world’s average sea surface temperature ranked second warmest for the year to date – just 0.05 of a degree F (0.03 of a degree C) cooler than the record-breaking year of 2016.
LAKE COUNTY, Calif. – Lake County Animal Care and Control has three cats available for adoption this Christmas week.
The following cats and kittens at the Lake County Animal Care and Control shelter have been cleared for adoption.
Male domestic longhair
This male domestic longhair has a lynx point coat and blue eyes.
He is in cat room kennel No. 116, ID No. 13365.
‘Oreo’
“Oreo” is a female domestic short hair with an all-black coat and green eyes.
She has been spayed.
She is in cat room kennel No. 121, ID No. 13312.
Female domestic longhair
This female domestic longhair cat has a tortie coat and gold eyes.
She is in cat room kennel No. 142, ID No. 13347.
Lake County Animal Care and Control is located at 4949 Helbush in Lakeport, next to the Hill Road Correctional Facility.
Office hours are Monday through Friday, 11 a.m. to 5 p.m., and 11 a.m. to 3 p.m., Saturday. The shelter is open from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Monday through Friday and on Saturday from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m.
For more information call Lake County Animal Care and Control at 707-263-0278.
Email Elizabeth Larson at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. . Follow her on Twitter, @ERLarson, or Lake County News, @LakeCoNews.
Hanukkah may be the best known Jewish holiday in the United States. But despite its popularity in the U.S., Hanukkah is ranked one of Judaism’s minor festivals, and nowhere else does it garner such attention. The holiday is mostly a domestic celebration, although special holiday prayers also expand synagogue worship.
So how did Hanukkah attain its special place in America?
Hanukkah’s back story
The word “Hanukkah” means dedication. It commemorates the rededicating of the ancient Temple in Jerusalem in 165 B.C. when Jews – led by a band of brothers called the Maccabees – tossed out statues of Hellenic gods that had been placed there by King Antiochus IV when he conquered Judea. Antiochus aimed to plant Hellenic culture throughout his kingdom, and that included worshipping its gods.
Legend has it that during the dedication, as people prepared to light the Temple’s large oil lamps to signify the presence of God, only a tiny bit of holy oil could be found. Yet, that little bit of oil remained alight for eight days until more could be prepared. Thus, each Hanukkah evening, for eight nights, Jews light a candle, adding an additional one as the holiday progresses throughout the festival.
Hanukkah’s American story
Today, America is home to almost 7 million Jews. But Jews did not always find it easy to be Jewish in America. Until the late 19th century, America’s Jewish population was very small and grew to only as many as 250,000 in 1880. The basic goods of Jewish religious life – such as kosher meat and candles, Torah scrolls, and Jewish calendars – were often hard to find.
In those early days, major Jewish religious events took special planning and effort, and minor festivals like Hanukkah often slipped by unnoticed.
It began with a simple holiday hymn written in 1840 by Penina Moise, a Jewish Sunday school teacher in Charleston, South Carolina. Her evangelical Christian neighbors worked hard to bring the local Jews into the Christian fold. They urged Jews to agree that only by becoming Christian could they attain God’s love and ultimately reach Heaven.
Moise, a famed poet, saw the holiday celebrating dedication to Judaism as an occasion to inspire Jewish dedication despite Christian challenges. Her congregation, Beth Elohim, publicized the hymn by including it in their hymnbook.
This English language hymn expressed a feeling common to many American Jews living as a tiny minority. “Great Arbiter of human fate whose glory ne'er decays,” Moise began the hymn, “To Thee alone we dedicate the song and soul of praise.”
It became a favorite among American Jews and could be heard in congregations around the country for another century.
Shortly after the Civil War, Cincinnati Rabbi Max Lilienthal learned about special Christmas events for children held in some local churches. To adapt them for children in his own congregation, he created a Hanukkah assembly where the holiday’s story was told, blessings and hymns were sung, candles were lighted and sweets were distributed to the children.
His friend, Rabbi Isaac M. Wise, created a similar event for his own congregation. Wise and Lilienthal edited national Jewish magazines where they publicized these innovative Hanukkah assemblies, encouraging other congregations to establish their own.
Lilienthal and Wise also aimed to reform Judaism, streamlining it and emphasizing the rabbi’s role as teacher. Because they felt their changes would help Judaism survive in the modern age, they called themselves “Modern Maccabees.” Through their efforts, special Hanukkah events for children became standard in American synagogues.
20th-century expansion
By 1900, industrial America produced the abundance of goods exchanged each Dec. 25. Christmas’ domestic celebrations and gifts to children provided a shared religious experience to American Christians otherwise separated by denominational divisions. As a home celebration, it sidestepped the theological and institutional loyalties voiced in churches.
For the 2.3 million Jewish immigrants who entered the U.S. between 1881 and 1924, providing their children with gifts in December proved they were becoming American and obtaining a better life.
But by giving those gifts at Hanukkah, instead of adopting Christmas, they also expressed their own ideals of American religious freedom, as well as their own dedication to Judaism.
After World War II, many Jews relocated from urban centers. Suburban Jewish children often comprised small minorities in public schools and found themselves coerced to participate in Christmas assemblies. Teachers, administrators and peers often pressured them to sing Christian hymns and assert statements of Christian faith.
From the 1950s through the 1980s, as Jewish parents argued for their children’s right to freedom from religious coercion, they also embellished Hanukkah. Suburban synagogues expanded their Hanukkah programming.
As I detail in my book, Jewish families embellished domestic Hanukkah celebrations with decorations, nightly gifts and holiday parties to enhance Hanukkah’s impact. In suburbia, Hanukkah’s theme of dedication to Judaism shone with special meaning. Rabbinical associations, national Jewish clubs and advertisers of Hanukkah goods carried the ideas for expanded Hanukkah festivities nationwide.
In the 21st century, Hanukkah accomplishes many tasks. Amid Christmas, it reminds Jews of Jewish dedication. Its domestic celebration enhances Jewish family life. In its similarity to Christmas domestic gift-giving, Hanukkah makes Judaism attractive to children and – according to my college students – relatable to Jews’ Christian neighbors. In many interfaith families, this shared festivity furthers domestic tranquility.
In America, this minor festival has attained major significance.
A few hundred years ago, who would have dreamed that the humble Christmas tree would one day be an immense global success? Certainly not Martin Luther, who is said to have decorated a tree with candles to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ. Nor Prince Albert, who several centuries later set up the first Christmas tree in Windsor Castle. Who would have guessed that fir trees would be grown in Denmark especially for the export market, that others would be shipped by helicopter in Oregon, or that factories in China would produce plastic replicas?
So, let’s climb on the sleigh and take a ride around this seasonal item, so emblematic of the growth of market economics and world trade, for an informed choice between natural or artificial, locally or globally sourced.
O Tannenbaum
Legend has it that Martin Luther was strolling in the woods on Christmas Eve when he glimpsed stars twinkling among the branches of a fir tree. He cut down a sapling, took it home, decorated it with candles and told his son that it reminded him of how Christ descended from heaven to live among mortals on Earth. Since then, the trees around which revelers danced in medieval town squares in Germany have been brought indoors. Other Protestant countries followed suit, and the holiday evergreen was first featured in British homes in the 19th century, when gained popularity thanks to Queen Victoria’s Saxon husband, Prince Albert.
The Protestant origins of decorated fir trees at Yuletide draws on other influences too, much as the invention of Father Christmas. A range of ancient figures and beliefs converged to form Santa Claus, long accepted by the Catholic church – but not after some resistance. For example, on December 23, 1951, in Dijon, France, a red-jacketed mannequin was burned outside the city’s cathedral on the grounds that Saint Nick was a pagan character that did not exist in real life. (This incendiary statement prompted anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss to pen “The torture of Santa Claus”, a witty and thoughtful essay.)
Regardless of whether you see Christmas trees as a symbol of the winter solstice or the Nativity, the odds are good that you’ll be buying one this year. On Christmas night you will find them in 90% of UK homes, 77% of US households and nearly 25% of those in France – they even has a measure of popularity in Australia, where Christmas occurs during the summer vacation.
A Danish Nordmann for Sweden’s Ikea
Interestingly, most Christmas trees in Europe hail from the realm of Denmark. Why? Because the country grows them on a massive scale, making it the EU’s leading producer. But before going any further, we should explain that these trees are no longer harvested in forests but farmed. So fear not, you will do no damage to a real forest by purchasing a natural Christmas tree.
Indeed, it is precisely because they no longer grow in forests that Christmas trees come from neither Norway nor Sweden, despite these countries’ abundant timber resources. Two figures may help clear things up: Denmark produces about 10 million Christmas trees a year, with the domestic market only absorbing 10%. The potential of farming firs appeared in the 1990s when the country joined the European Union, with its system of farm subsidies.
Danish farmers were quick to adopt the Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana). While it was more expensive than the spruce (Picea abies) and doesn’t fill the room with a delicate smell of honey and resin, it sports bluish cones and a long-lasting foliage with a silvery underside. Little seen in modern homes in the 1960s, the Nordmann has gradually taken over.
If you’re European and buy your tree at the Swedish retailer Ikea, the world’s biggest purchaser and seller of Christmas trees, it will be Danish. The company goes so far as to make them a loss leader: You will pay only 29 euros for the tree itself, along with baubles of various sizes and prices that you had absolutely no intention of buying but which will somehow land in your cart. You will receive a 20-euro voucher, to be spent on your next visit (before the end of February), but that will almost certainly be spent on another bunch of goodies of various sizes and prices…
Size and price
The advantage with Ikea, though, is that it only sells one size of Christmas tree, 2 meters (roughly 6 feet) tall. So you don’t need to dither about getting a smaller, cheaper one, or a bigger, more expensive beast.
The theoretical relation between the size and price of a Christmas tree involves extremely complex equations. Were I to say that you should use a Hotelling-Faustmann type model you could be scarcely any the wiser, so perhaps I should offer some explanation. Harold Hotelling was a leading American economist and statistician, who established that the price of a natural resource should increase at the same pace as interest rates. The intuitive assumption is that the resource owner must choose between exploiting it today or tomorrow. If tomorrow’s price is lower than the amount they would earn from selling it today and putting the money in the bank, then they would obviously opt to sell it straight away. So the difference in price between a ten-year old Nordmann fir, that stands 0.6 feet taller, and a nine-year-old tree depends on the rate of interest.
This is where Martin Faustmann, a German forester, comes in. He pointed out that trees can be replanted once they have been cut down, something that’s clearly not the case for coal or oil. If a farmer sells their firs after ten years rather than nine, they lose one year’s growth on the saplings they would have planted on the same plot of land. If this sparks your curiosity and you like equations, take a look at the article in the American Journal of Agricultural Economics, “A Hotelling-Faustmann Explanation of the Structure of Christmas Tree Prices”. (US economists are marvelous because they publish papers on all sorts of subjects.)
Oregon, helicopters and Mexican trucks
It will come as no surprise that the United States both produces and consumes the most Christmas trees. For instance, the Noble Mountain Tree Farm grows the Noble fir (Abies procera), the Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) on almost 2,000 hectares. Once felled, they are removed by helicopter, loaded onto trucks or refrigerated containers, and shipped to the rest of the United States, to Central America and even to places as far afield such as Doha, Singapore and Ho Chi Minh City.
On the other hand, you are less likely to know that Oregon-grown Christmas trees have become entangled in a trade dispute between the United States and Mexico. It started with a long argument about allowing Mexican trucks onto US highways. Under the North American Free Trade Association they were set to gain access to the road network in 2000.
For reasons that are more or less convincing (safety issues with vehicles, inexperienced truckers, trafficking of drugs and illegal immigrants, among others), the federal authorities dragged their feet and its trading partner finally lost patience. In 2009 the Mexican government imposed several billion dollars’ worth of import surtaxes on about 100 categories of goods, including Christmas trees. But why, you may wonder, did they bother with the little firs? It was all the fault of two Congressmen from Oregon. So there is a certain logic behind the targeting of retaliatory measures.
Chinese manufacturing
Christmas trees are also caught up in the trade war opposing the United States and China. To be exact, it has more to do with fairy lights and other seasonal decorations than it does with fir trees. The PRC does not grow them, nor does it celebrate Christmas. What’s more, the Chinese New Year is symbolized by an animal and the dominant colour is red, not green. (Next in line is the year of the rat, which starts on February 5.) But China does manufacture and export plastic Christmas trees and all the associated trimmings. Indeed it by far the world’s largest producer.
As soon as the conflict erupted, Washington slapped 10% extra duty on imports of Christmas decorations, but did not touch PVC or polyurethane trees. Don’t ask me to explain this difference in treatment, as I haven’t a clue. Nor could I say why the surcharge on trimmings was lifted last summer. Perhaps Donald Trump was upset by the idea that kids at home would find their trees a little bare…
Of course, there is only the faintest connection between nursery tales and Chinese factories churning out Christmas decorations: no elves with pointed ears nor mischievous imps assisting Santa Claus. Rather, assembly-line workers and automated machines slicing PVC into countless synthetic pine needles. Manufacturing is not located somewhere north of the Polar Circle, but 300 kilometres southwest of Shanghai, in a city called Yiwu. Almost 1,000 firms making Christmas goods are based there. They account for 60% of global output of plastic fir trees and Christmas lights, gilded stars and those inevitable baubles. If you would like to see the fan belts and choppers of this workshop of the Nativity world in action, then watch the National Geographic video, “I Did Not Know That: How Christmas Trees Are Made”. (It’s probably better to put the little ones to bed first, though.)
The pros and cons of natural or artificial trees
In the United States, the volume of fake Christmas tree sales is close to that of the real thing, and rising steadily. Its attractive price – use it two years running and you start saving – is apparently not the reason for this trend. Indeed a dip in demand only marginally benefits their natural rival. Instead, their success in the United States seems a matter of convenience: no early-December shopping run, no needles to vacuum after the holidays.
In contrast, in France the market share of artificial trees is pretty steady, stuck at about 20%. Which is just as well for local growers, as Danish and other imports only account for a fifth of overall volume. The French seem attached to their home-grown Christmas trees.
But which tree is “greener”, natural or artificial? At first glance a real tree seems a better bet: photosynthesis drives plant growth, capturing carbon dioxide. The synthetic alternative causes emissions, through oil extraction and PVC production, both of which consume large amounts of energy. But two key parameters may wipe out this advantage: the years the artificial tree is used and how far it is shipped (transportion also producing emissions).
The longer you keep your plastic tree, the less it will matter that it was made in China or that you bought it miles from your home. But the further your natural Christmas tree travelled, the worse its carbon budget will be. This ecological contest depends on other factors too, such as end-of-life processing (landfill or recycling) and environmental damage other than CO2 emissions (in particular, the impact of pesticides and biodiversity). The results of the life-cycle analysis of the two commodities vary depending on the relevant parameters and values. For instance, the tipping point regarding re-use may be 5 years or 20 years, depending on the sources. In short, it’s hard to tell.
For what it’s worth, I would advise you to opt for a natural fir tree, on the condition that you don’t just trash it, but take it to the nearest recycling centre. If in doubt, get a locally sourced tree or better yet, an organic one.
Whatever happens, don’t make the same mistake as the envious little tree in the Hans-Christian Andersen story, unable to appreciate living in the present.
“Out in the woods stood a nice little Fir Tree. The place he had was a very good one: the sun shone on him: as to fresh air, there was enough of that, and round him grew many large-sized comrades, pines as well as firs. But the little Fir wanted so very much to be a grown-up tree…”
And with this thought we wish you a very happy Christmas, with or without a tree decked with Chinese-made decorations.
François Lévêque recently published “Competition’s New Clothes” (“Les vêtements neufs de la concurrence”), Éditions Odile Jacob.
Editor’s Note: The House of Representatives has impeached President Donald Trump. Attention now turns to the Senate. Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, a Kentucky Republican, is known as a master of the Senate’s rules, and has been raising campaign donations with ads touting the power he would have over impeachment proceedings. Constitutional scholar Sarah Burns from the Rochester Institute of Technology answers some crucial questions already arising about what McConnell might be able to do, to either slow down the processor speed things along.
1. Will the Senate even take up a House impeachment?
The Constitution does not give any details about exactly how an impeachment trial should proceed. Instead, the Senate itself has set rules that govern the process. The first of those rules says the Senate must receive members of the House of Representatives to present the articles of impeachment – which McConnell has said he will do.
The rules go on to say that senators have 24 hours to “proceed to consideration of such articles” and must continue until they reach a “final judgment.”
However, the Senate can adapt or change its rules, often by a simple majority vote. That means McConnell and other senators are much more free to take actions that influence the trial than members of a jury or even the judge in a standard criminal proceeding.
2. Once it’s part of the Senate’s business, who is in charge?
The Constitution requires that when the Senate is conducting an impeachment trial of the president, the chief justice of the United States, in this case John Roberts, presides over the proceedings.
They could, for instance, ask Roberts to dismiss the case, effectively ending the trial before it begins. Even if he refused, as long as they didn’t call for a formal change to the rules (which needs a two-thirds majority to pass), the senators could overrule him with a simple majority vote.
In 1999, Democrats used this method in an effort to dismiss the impeachment charges against Bill Clinton. However, the vote failed in a Republican-controlled Senate. A similar tactic today would likely pass on partisan lines.
3. Could McConnell slow things down?
If the Senate did end up conducting a trial, Rule VII gives Chief Justice Roberts control over procedural aspects of the trial, including issuing orders for specific people to testify and making decisions about disputed points of the law.
However, that same rule lets McConnell circumvent Roberts’ control, potentially in ways that could limit, or expand, the impeachment process. For instance, if the House members presenting the case wanted to subpoena a witness who might give evidence against Trump – as Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer has already suggested – senators could ask Roberts to block the subpoena. If he refused, they could overrule him, again by a simple majority in a Republican-controlled Senate.
McConnell could also use Rule VII to introduce into the trial new information that would be to Trump’s political benefit – such as asking Roberts to subpoena Joe Biden and his son Hunter, which could heighten the partisan divide, and distract or confuse the public about who is on trial for what. If Roberts declined, again the senators themselves could vote to issue the subpoenas.
4. Could McConnell speed things up?
It’s not certain that McConnell would block an impeachment trial at every turn. He has already surprised members of his own party by allowing the Senate to vote on whether the whistleblower’s complaint should be heard by the congressional intelligence committees.
He could limit his own intervention and let the process unfold. However, McConnell might find it advantageous to speed things up, for instance if evidence or public opinion cause him to think a fast vote would lead to acquittal.
5. Could he create political chaos?
According to the Senate rules on impeachment, McConnell could let Trump – the prospective defendant – avoid appearing before the Senate. The Senate must inform the accused of the charges and offer them the opportunity to appear, but Rules VIII and X do not require that the person actually show up. There’s not even a requirement that the person have representatives, like lawyers on a defense team, who appear to contest the charges.
Those same rules give the Senate – and thereby McConnell – the power to demand either or both of the Ukraine whistleblowers testify without the protection of anonymity. That would set up a conflict with federal whistleblower protection laws, which require that federal officials not unmask people who alert the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community to potential wrongdoing.
Depending on how McConnell chooses to act, he could create a situation that highlights the inherent conflicts of the constitutional system, by using rules created by the Senate to affect a trial of the president.
LAKE COUNTY, Calif. – Lake County Animal Care and Control has several new dogs – including Shiba Inus – waiting for homes this holiday week.
Dogs available for adoption this week include mixes of Australian Shepherd, bluetick coonhound, cattle dog, German Shepherd, pit bull, Rhodesian Ridgeback, Shiba Inu and treeing walker coonhound.
Dogs that are adopted from Lake County Animal Care and Control are either neutered or spayed, microchipped and, if old enough, given a rabies shot and county license before being released to their new owner. License fees do not apply to residents of the cities of Lakeport or Clearlake.
If you're looking for a new companion, visit the shelter. There are many great pets hoping you'll choose them.
The following dogs at the Lake County Animal Care and Control shelter have been cleared for adoption (additional dogs on the animal control Web site not listed are still “on hold”).
Male Labrador Retriever
The male Labrador Retriever mix has a short brown and white coat.
He is in kennel No. 4, ID No. 13360.
Female German Shepherd
This female German Shepherd has a medium-length black and brown coat.
She’s in kennel No. 8, ID No. 13352.
Male pit bull terrier
This male pit bull terrier has a short blue and white coat.
He is in kennel No. 10, ID No. 13345.
Female Shiba Inu
This female Shiba Inu has a medium-length black and tan coat.
She is in kennel No. 12a, ID No. 13362.
Male Shiba Inu
This male Shiba Inu has a medium-length tan coat.
He is in kennel No. 12b, ID No. 13372.
‘Patsy’
“Patsy” is a female treeing walker coonhound/bluetick coonhound mix with a short tricolor coat.
She is in kennel No. 20, ID No. 13290.
‘Max’
“Max” is a male bluetick coonhound-treeing walker coonhound with a short tricolor coat.
He is in kennel No. 25, ID No. 13289.
‘Hazel’
“Hazel” is a female cattle dog with a medium-length tricolor coat.
She has been spayed.
She’s in kennel No. 27, ID No. 13255.
Male Australian Shepherd
This male Australian Shepherd has a long black and white coat.
He is in kennel No. 28, ID No. 13250.
‘Daisey’
“Daisey” is a female treeing walker coonhound/bluetick coonhound mix with a short tricolor coat.
She is in kennel No. 29, ID No. 13291.
‘Goofy’
“Goofy” is a young male Rhodesian Ridgeback with a short tan and black coat.
Shelter staff said this boy is great with other dogs, although he is high energy and would benefit from obedience training. He would love to go jogging everyday, he is very food motivated and willing to learn new things.
Goofy has been at the shelter since Nov. 5. He was originally taken from someone in Upper Lake and found on the highway in Clearlake. If anyone has any information on his owner please contact the shelter.
He’s in kennel No. 33, ID No. 13210.
Lake County Animal Care and Control is located at 4949 Helbush in Lakeport, next to the Hill Road Correctional Facility.
Office hours are Monday through Friday, 11 a.m. to 5 p.m., and 11 a.m. to 3 p.m., Saturday. The shelter is open from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday and on Saturday from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m.
For more information call Lake County Animal Care and Control at 707-263-0278.
Email Elizabeth Larson at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. Follow her on Twitter, @ERLarson, or Lake County News, @LakeCoNews.
LAKE COUNTY, Calif. – Lake County is looking at the potential for a rainy Christmas.
The latest forecast issued by the National Weather Service for this holiday week is calling for a combination of rain and colder temperatures.
The forecast says that there will be patchy fog on Monday and Tuesday, with a 50-percent chance of showers on Christmas Eve night.
On Christmas Day, there is a 40-percent chance of rain, with reduced chances of rain on Christmas night, the forecast said.
From Thursday morning through Saturday morning, conditions are anticipated to be clear and sunny. That change in the weather is due to a high pressure system moving in over the region.
The National Weather Service said that, by the end of the weekend or beginning of next week, there could be more wet weather on the way. Chances of showers are forecast from Saturday night through Sunday.
This week, daytime temperatures will range between the high 40s and low 50s, with nighttime temperatures hovering in the low 30s.
On Christmas, temperatures are expected to hover in the mid 40s, dropping into the low 30s at night, the National Weather Service reported.
Email Elizabeth Larson at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.. Follow her on Twitter, @ERLarson, or Lake County News, @LakeCoNews.
It was a splendid moment when I was first introduced to pasta made fresh at home. Though it was more than 30 years ago, I still remember the wonder of its taste and texture.
It happened on a random weeknight when a friend invited me to her apartment for dinner. I was looking forward to spending time with her, but had no idea that the delicate, hand-cut noodles she had made that afternoon would bring me such joy.
She and I haven’t been in touch for many years, but the memory of that meticulously and lovingly made meal still lingers.
My friend incorporated her amazing noodles into an Eastern European dish, beef stroganoff. Despite that wonderful memory, Asian or Italian dishes most often come to my mind when thinking of noodles.
That’s not surprising. Those two regions have made the most of the art of noodle-making, though nearly every country in the world has its own form of noodle.
There’s spaetzle in Germany, orzo in Greece, pierogi in Poland and couscous in the Middle East, to name just a few.
In Asia, noodles are broadly divided into three types: wheat noodles, rice noodles, and glass or cellophane noodles, and within these categories there are countless varieties.
Not surprisingly, China, where there are thousands of types of noodles, is the world’s largest consumer of them.
In Italy, noodles are referred to as pasta, which translates to “paste,” a reference to the dough used in making them.
There are an estimated 350 different pasta shapes in Italy and about four times as many names for them. Names can vary from place to place, and many regions have pasta shapes and names unique to them.
Endings such as -ini, -elli, -illi, -etti, -ine or -elle on Italian pasta names denote “little,” and if -oni or -one ends the name, it means “large.”
Sometimes these suffixes can be applied to the same form of pasta to delineate a size range, such as spaghettini (smallest), spaghetti (regular), or spaghettoni (largest).
Some pasta shapes are designed to hold the sauce in the best way possible, such as with ridges, as in rigatoni or penne.
Noodles have an ancient history and it’s difficult to know in exactly part of the world they originated. More specifically, was it in China or Italy?
There is evidence of early consumption of noodles in both regions, as well as in the Middle East, but not enough information exists to make a definitive declaration as to whether one region influenced another.
There have been some inaccurate stories about the introduction of pasta to Italy, perhaps the most common being that Venetian merchant, writer and explorer Marco Polo brought noodles to Italy from China via the Silk Road in the 13th century.
In actuality, the story is a 1929 marketing ploy by the National Macaroni Manufacturers Association.
The earliest written record of noodles is in a book that dates to the Han Dynasty in China in the third century B. C. It was about five centuries later that a written reference to them is found in the western part of the world.
In an exciting 2005 discovery, scientists unearthed 4000-year-old noodles at an archeological site in Lajia, China. The long yellow strands were preserved within a bowl that was encased under ten feet of mud.
This represents the earliest example of the noodle in history. Even so, it’s possible that noodles originated in two or more places unrelated to each other.
American food writer Jen Lin-Liu, who went on a six-month noodle fact-finding trip along the ancient Silk Road from China to Italy, said, “We aren’t sure if the noodle developed in the west separately, after it appeared in the east or if pasta, as we know it, even relates to the noodles that were first eaten in China. There could have been two different food traditions that developed side-by-side in opposite parts of the world.”
For now, it’s an unsolved mystery.
In Japan, noodles are incorporated into tea ceremonies, and noodle making there is considered a form of art.
Noodles became more important in Japan after World War II when food shortages were rampant. Dried foods such as noodles were sometimes the only available nourishment.
In China, noodles are a symbol of longevity and special ones are served to celebrate birthdays. The name for these “birthday noodles” is shoumain, which literally translates to “long-life noodles.” The longer the noodles, the bigger the wish for long life.
Such noodles are considered lucky when eaten during the Chinese New Year. They represent longevity and happiness.
In almost every Asian culture, noodles are associated with long-term well-being.
According to Peter Song, who excels at making hand-pulled noodles in Japan (he can make up to 500 bowls of noodles a day, far more than the 100 per day to be considered a master), the first step is to ensure that the flour and water are perfectly balanced. There are no exact measurements; it’s based on experience through touch. For example, the temperature of the room makes a difference. If cold, more water is needed; if warm, less.
Similarly, in Italy, experienced pasta makers, whether grandmas or chefs, use their sense of touch to discern when pasta dough is ready.
While the ingredients that go into noodle or pasta making are simple – just flour and liquid (water or egg) – the process is something that can take years to master.
I ran across a YouTube chef named Helen Rennie who rightly says that unless a beginning pasta maker has someone in the same room to teach them, trying to gauge the readiness of the dough by feel is difficult. If a culinary class isn’t in your future, I’d recommend her tutorials if you’d like to try your hand at making pasta at home.
Today’s recipe is for one of my favorite pasta dishes, pasta pomodoro. Pomodoro means tomato in Italian, and this dish is full of them, along with one of their favorite companions, basil.
The red and green of the dish compliment the season, and it could make a tasty, if unusual, addition to your Christmas table. I also love the way the colors in the dish mimic the Italian flag.
Though basil is a summer herb, it can be found year-round in stores, thanks to producers who utilize green houses.
Canned whole plum tomatoes may be substituted for fresh, if desired.
Enjoy!
From Italy: Pasta Pomodoro
This recipe serves two to four, depending on serving size.
Esther’s Tip: The basil leaves and garlic left after the oil is strained may be blended into a paste and used to flavor sauces and soups. If stored in a tightly covered container, it should last in the fridge about a week.
Ingredients:
8 fresh Italian plum (Roma) tomatoes 1 cup extra virgin olive oil 1 generous bunch fresh basil, leaves removed and slightly crushed (first reserve several leaves for later) 10 garlic cloves, peeled and slightly crushed ¼ teaspoon dried chili flakes 1 – 9-ounce package fresh fettuccini, linguine or angel hair pasta Salt and pepper to taste Fresh parmesan to taste
Instructions:
Combine olive oil, garlic cloves, basil leaves (other than those reserved), and red pepper flakes in small saucepan. Simmer over low heat until flavors are infused into oil.
Prepare tomatoes by dipping in boiling water to loosen skins. Allow to cool, and then peel and seed them. Dice them and cook slowly in saucepan, mashing as they soften.
Strain infused oil into tomato sauce. Season as desired with salt and pepper.
Cook pasta in boiling salted water until al dente. (Be careful not to overcook.)
Drain (but don’t rinse) pasta and add to sauce. Toss pan or stir to combine.
Finely slice reserved basil leaves and add to pasta.
Grate parmesan into pasta and mix well.
Adjust seasonings as needed and enjoy!
Recipe by Esther Oertel.
Esther Oertel is a writer and passionate home cook from a family of chefs. She grew up in a restaurant, where she began creating recipes from a young age. She’s taught culinary classes in a variety of venues in Lake County and previously wrote “The Veggie Girl” column for Lake County News. Most recently she’s taught culinary classes at Sur La Table in Santa Rosa, Calif. She lives in Middletown, Calif.
Mars may be a rocky planet, but it is not a hospitable world like Earth. It’s cold and dry with a thin atmosphere that has significantly less oxygen than Earth’s.
But Mars likely once had liquid water, a key ingredient for life. Studying the history of water can help uncover how the Red Planet lost water and how much water it once had.
“We already knew that Mars was once a wet place,” said Curtis DeWitt, scientist at the Universities Space Research Association’s SOFIA Science Center. “But only by studying how present-day water is lost can we understand just how much existed in the deep past.”
Some of this research can be conducted without leaving Earth using SOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy.
The world’s largest flying observatory can find molecules and atoms in deep space and on planets — like forensic analysis for astronomy — because it flies above 99% of Earth’s infrared-blocking water vapor.
To learn more about how Mars lost its water, and how modern-day water vapor might vary seasonally, SOFIA studied how water vapor evaporates differently during two Martian seasons.
Water is also known by its chemical name H2O because it’s made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. But with special instruments, scientists can detect two types: regular water, H2O, and deuterated water, HDO, which has an extra neutrally-charged particle called a neutron in one of the hydrogen atoms making it heavier.
Deuterated water evaporates less efficiently than regular water, so more of it remains as liquid water evaporates. Therefore, studying the ratio of deuterated water to regular water, which scientists call the D/H ratio, in existing water vapor can retrace the history of liquid water evaporation — even if it no longer flows. But it’s not clear if this ratio is affected by seasonal changes on the Red Planet.
Mars has ice caps at its poles. They are covered with carbon-dioxide ice and snow that expand and shrink with the Martian seasons.
As the planet’s Northern Hemisphere approaches its own Summer Solstice, the ice cap shrinks as temperatures warm — causing some of the ice to evaporate and expose water ice.
The southern ice cap, however, is covered with carbon-dioxide ice even during the summer. Scientists were not sure if these seasonal changes could affect the ratio of heavy water to regular water in the Martian atmosphere.
Previous measurements of the D/H water ratio used different instruments, resulting in slightly different measurements across Martian seasons and locations. Researchers on SOFIA used the same instrument, the Echelon-Cross- Echelle Spectrograph, or EXES, to get consistent measurements over two seasons and locations: summer in the planet’s Northern Hemisphere and summer in its Southern Hemisphere.
So far, after comparing observations between the two hemispheres, they have not found any seasonal variations in the water ratio on Mars between seasons and locations. This is helping scientists more accurately trace the history of water on Mars.
“If we can eliminate seasonal dependence as a factor in this ratio, then we're one step closer to getting an answer to how much water was originally present on Mars,” said DeWitt.
The results are published in Astronomy and Astrophysics. Further observations are underway to monitor different Martian seasons. Examining Mars’ history and geology is important as NASA moves forward with plans to send humans to the Moon, with the eventual goal of crewed missions to Mars.
SOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, is a Boeing 747SP jetliner modified to carry a 106-inch diameter telescope.
It is a joint project of NASA and the German Aerospace Center, DLR. NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley manages the SOFIA program, science and mission operations in cooperation with the Universities Space Research Association headquartered in Columbia, Maryland, and the German SOFIA Institute at the University of Stuttgart.
The aircraft is maintained and operated from NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Center Building 703, in Palmdale, California.