Saturday, 21 September 2024

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historyalbanycongress

This week in history takes a look at the proposal that likely would have delayed, if not prevented the American Revolution: the Albany Congress of 1754.

June 19, 1754

No single episode in our nation’s history is more idealized than the revolution that created it, and rightfully so, to some extent.

Hindsight reveals a remarkable list of instances when the outcome of the struggle could have – indeed should have if you were a gambling person – gone differently.

The number of narrow escapes George Washington achieved throughout the war alone is beyond the pale. His army should have been crushed more times than not and yet time and again he escaped with a sufficiently large force to prolong the war until eventual success.

Those religiously inclined among us see the providential hand of God in these seemingly random acts of luck. Books have even been written on the subject (I’m thinking in particular of “America’s Providential History” by Stephen McDowell and Mark Beliles).

However you choose to explain them to yourself, there is no denying that the near-misses and small turns of fate played a major role in America’s success.

If we were to expand our lens outwards, beyond the confines of the war itself, we would actually see that these twists of luck happened well before hostilities even began.

An important event that, in hindsight, can be added to the list of providential (or lucky) turns for our country actually happened a quarter century before the Declaration of Independence. I’m thinking of the 1754 Albany Congress.

The backdrop to the Albany Congress was the growing tension between the French and British colonies in North America.

By the early 1750s the British colonies were increasingly threatened by the French-backed Indians and their raiding parties.

War between England and France had not yet officially broken out, but in North America there was no doubt that something would have to be done to curb the deteriorating relationship between the colonists and the neighboring Indian tribes to the west – and no reconciliation could be achieved so long as the French continued to incite the Indians to violence.

You see, by the middle of that century, the entire continent of North America was still up for grabs – the board lay open, waiting for each party to make its move.

By the 1750s the French had strongholds in Louisiana and to the north along the Mississippi River. They had a firm hold over Montreal and the region of Quebec and now looked to complete the chain of forts and settlements into the Ohio River Valley, joining their northern holdings with their southern ones in the Gulf.

The English, fearful of the stranglehold this would place on their colonies – essentially preventing them from expanding west of the Appalachians – looked to stop the French from accomplishing this maneuver.

This, in addition to the centuries-long animosity between the two kingdoms, guaranteed the conflict that was to come: the French and Indian War, just one theater of the larger Seven Years War.

The ensuing conflict would pit for the first significant time the resources of the colonies against another nation, a prelude to the Revolutionary War.

Operating nearly autonomously from each other, the British colonies had struggled to adequately address the increasing hostility of the French and their native allies.

To make matters more complicated, the colonists were proud of their individuality. It was to “King and Colony” as much as “King and Country” that each colonist toasted heartily.

As hostilities increased on the continent, some colonial leaders recognized that the very object of their pride would be their downfall should the small territorial conflict flare up into open war.

It would be easy for the French (and later the British) to divide the colonies and conquer them piecemeal.

Although definitely to a lesser extent, the same sentiment was felt back in London and so in June of 1754 a meeting was called in Albany, New York for representatives of 7 of the 13 colonies.

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The central object of the meeting was actually just to renew negotiations between the northeast colonies and the strategically important Mohawk Nation, a tribe of natives who were part of the larger Iroquois Confederation.

But the ulterior motive behind convening the meeting was to bring these colonies together to foster inter-colonial cooperation.

At the head of the Albany Congress was a Pennsylvanian man named Benjamin Franklin. Having started his career as a newspaperman, Franklin was quick to recognize the importance of currying public opinion, a tactic that would later prove vital in starting the Revolution.

In order to drum up support for the meeting and to highlight the imperative nature of cooperation, he designed a now-famous cartoon: the image of a snake, divided into parts, each labelled with the abbreviation for the individual colonies and, below, the words “Join or Die.”

On this day in 1754 the Albany Congress convened for the first time. By June 18, having discussed the matter of the Mohawks, all commissioners voted to convene again to discuss a proposal for creating a more centralized governing structure among the colonies.

They created a committee, with Franklin playing a major role, and it submitted a draft Plan for Union on June 28.

After several days of arguments and several drafts later, the committee approved the Albany Plan for Union on July 10.

The plan stipulated the following: the colonial governments of all but Delaware and Georgia were to select members to a “Grand Council,” while the British would select a “President General” to preside over the council; together these two branches of government would regulate colonial-Indian relations and resolve any territorial disputes.

Despite passing the Congress itself, both the colonies themselves and the British proved too stubborn for the proposal to take effect.

The colonies didn’t want any curbing of their power over their own territory and the British believed that directives from London were sufficient to govern.

In essence, the proposal had attempted to reconcile the colonies’ growing desire to reform colonial-imperial relations with England’s own desire to keep her colonies in their place in the hierarchy of Empire (hence the President General would be selected directly by London).

We sometimes forget that right up until the height of the hostilities between Great Britain and her former colonies, those same colonists proudly proclaimed themselves British subjects.

The Albany Plan was very much a middle-of-the-road proposal that would have kept both parties happy – at least for a while.

In the end, the failure of the proposal made the future War for Independence far more likely than it had been before. It ensured that the colonies would remain far subordinate to the dictates of London, a tyrannical rule of law that would eventually drive many of the same men who proposed the Albany Plan to develop a far more radical form of government – one of self-rule.

For men like Benjamin Franklin, the process of devising a form of government where individual, semi-autonomous colonies were controlled by centralized branches of power would be good practice for the decades ahead.

Antone Pierucci is the former curator of the Lake County Museum in Lake County, Calif., and a freelance writer whose work has been featured in such magazines as Archaeology and Wild West as well as regional California newspapers.

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"The bluebird carries the sky on his back." – Henry David Thoreau

LAKE COUNTY, Calif. – Rodman Slough County Park is located on the shores of Clear Lake, at 1005 Nice-Lucerne Cutoff in Nice.

This is a good spot to launch a kayak or even a small boat.

It is, as all of Clear Lake is, a bird-watching heaven.

Look for osprey, grebes, mud swallows, herons, double crested cormorants and more.

The osprey which inhabit the tall nest at the pinnacle of a pole gifted to the great birds by Pacific Gas and Electric saves the birds from an untimely death by electrocution.

The park is 40 acres and is the perfect picnic, fishing or swimming site. Not to be confused with the Lake County Land Trust's more than 400-acre Rodman Preserve on Westlake Road in Upper Lake, Rodman Slough County Park is open year-round.

Take some time in your busy week to sit still here near a sentinel boulder, to “see better.”

Listen to the delicate patter of a late spring rain on the ancient  waters of the lake, then breathe in nature's perfume that languidly fills the air.

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The breezes ruffle reeds, creating a symphony of delicate sounds and cool currents of fresh air.

When you open your eyes you may be treated to a parade of grebes floating by in their regal style, replete with a newly hatched baby bird or two in tow, on its back.

The greenery that fringes  each shoreline seems to yield secrets like 3-D poetry, if you pay attention, with care.

Each new bud protrudes, proclaiming emphatic facts of themselves wherever you look.

Lapping waters announce the laws of physics – action and reaction all around.

The light sparkling and playing on the lake originated from our star, the sun, more than 93 million miles from us.

There is nothing like the great outdoors to view the wildlife, woods and wetlands of Clear Lake to put things into perspective!

For more information see the Konocti Regional Trails Web site, which contains maps and information on pathways, land and water trails in Lake County.

Kathleen Scavone, M.A., is a retired educator, potter, writer and author of “Anderson Marsh State Historic Park: A Walking History, Prehistory, Flora, and Fauna Tour of a California State Park” and “Native Americans of Lake County.” She also formerly wrote for NASA and JPL as one of their “Solar System Ambassadors.” She was selected “Lake County Teacher of the Year, 1998-99” by the Lake County Office of Education, and chosen as one of 10 state finalists the same year by the California Department of Education.

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LAKE COUNTY, Calif. – The shelter at Lake County Animal Care and Control is once again filled up with dogs in need of new homes, including a new group of puppies.

This week’s dogs include mixes of Chihuahua, German Shepherd, golden retriever, pit bull, shepherd and wirehaired terrier.

Dogs that are adopted from Lake County Animal Care and Control are either neutered or spayed, microchipped and, if old enough, given a rabies shot and county license before being released to their new owner. License fees do not apply to residents of the cities of Lakeport or Clearlake.

If you're looking for a new companion, visit the shelter. There are many great pets hoping you'll choose them.

In addition to the animals featured here, all adoptable animals in Lake County can be seen here: http://bit.ly/Z6xHMb .

The following dogs at the Lake County Animal Care and Control shelter have been cleared for adoption (additional dogs on the animal control Web site not listed are still “on hold”).

7678shepherdmix

Shepherd mix

This female shepherd mix has a short red and black coat with white markings.

She’s in kennel No. 6, ID No. 7678.

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‘Luna’

“Luna” is a pit bull terrier mix with a short black coat and white markings.

She has already been spayed.

She’s in kennel No. 20, ID No. 7627.

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‘Scooby Doo’

“Scooby Doo” is a male German Shepherd mix with a short tan coat.

Shelter staff said he is good with other dogs but has high energy so will need guidance. He knows basic commands.

He’s in kennel No. 21, ID No. 7666.

7701pitbull

‘Ayla’

“Ayla” is a female pit bull terrier.

She has a short white coat with black markings.

She is in kennel No. 22, ID No. 7701.

7690wirehairterrier

Wirehaired terrier-Chihuahua puppy

This female wirehaired terrier-Chihuahua puppy has a short black and white coat.

She’s in kennel No. 23a, ID No. 7690.

23bwirehairterrier

Wirehaired terrier-Chihuahua puppy

This male wirehaired terrier-Chihuahua puppy has a short black and white coat.

He’s in kennel No. 23b, ID No. 7691.

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Wirehaired terrier-Chihuahua puppy

This female wirehaired terrier-Chihuahua puppy has a short black and white coat.

She’s in kennel No. 23c, ID No. 7692.

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Wirehaired terrier-Chihuahua puppy

This male wirehaired terrier-Chihuahua puppy has a short black and tan coat.

He’s in kennel No. 23d, ID No. 7693.

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‘Nana’

“Nana” is an older female Chihuahua with a black coat.

She already has been spayed.

She’s in kennel No. 25a, ID No. 7710.

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‘Wrinkle’

“Wrinkle” is a male golden retriever mix.

He has a short brown coat and has been neutered.

He’s in kennel No. 25b, ID No. 7711.

7605germanshepherd

‘Charley’

“Charley” is a female German Shepherd.

She has a classic medium-length black and tan coat.

Charley already has been spayed. Shelter staff said she is good with other dogs her size, but not good with small dogs and cats due to her high prey drive.

She’s in kennel No. 26, ID No. 7605.

7722pitbull

Pit bull terrier

This male pit bull terrier has a short white coat.

He’s in kennel No. 29, ID No. 7722.

6713pitmix

‘Kane’

“Kane” is a male pit bull terrier with a short gray coat and white markings.

He already has been neutered.

He’s in kennel No. 30, ID No. 6713.

7723pitbull

Pit bull terrier

This male pit bull terrier has a short brown and white coat.

He’s in kennel No. 31, ID No. 7723.

To fill out an adoption application online visit http://www.co.lake.ca.us/Government/Directory/Animal_Care_And_Control/Adopt/Dog___Cat_Adoption_Application.htm .

Lake County Animal Care and Control is located at 4949 Helbush in Lakeport, next to the Hill Road Correctional Facility.

Office hours are Monday through Friday, 11 a.m. to 5 p.m., and 11 a.m. to 3 p.m., Saturday. The shelter is open from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Monday through Friday and on Saturday from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m.

Visit the shelter online at http://www.co.lake.ca.us/Government/Directory/Animal_Care_And_Control.htm .

For more information call Lake County Animal Care and Control at 707-263-0278.

Email Elizabeth Larson at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. . Follow her on Twitter, @ERLarson, or Lake County News, @LakeCoNews.

LAKE COUNTY, Calif. – Local officials this week addressed concerns about whether it’s safe to swim in Clear Lake due to aquatic weed abatement practices and a widespread cyanobacteria bloom that’s developed over the past month.

Lake County Water Resources Director Phil Moy was one of the county staffers who responded to those two concerns from community members.

The issue of herbicide use to control nuisance aquatic vegetation has been raised over the past few weeks after a notice that was sent to Habematolel Pomo tribal members was circulated on social media.

County Water Resources staffer Carolyn Ruttan said she sent out a letter to tribe as part of a state requirement to notify all public agencies of any activity on Clear Lake. In this case, she was announcing the start of the summer aquatic weed abatement activities.

Linda Rosas, Habematolel’s environmental director, in turn sent out a notice via mail earlier this month to tribal members, advising against swimming in Clear Lake due to the planned herbicide use.

“It was an internal document, and it was an advisory not a warning,” said Rosas.

Copies of Rosas’ notice and Ruttan’s letter were then circulated on social media, resulting in community members questioning if it was safe to swim and pursue other recreational activities on the lake.

Rosas, who is fairly new to the job, said she doesn’t know a lot about herbicides and pesticides, so when she received the notice about the county’s program, she decided she should err on the side of caution and notify tribal members.

She said she was concerned that if anything happened to a tribal member swimming in the lake, she could be negligent for having not released the information. “That’s a big responsibility.”

Rosas said the advisory notice went out to the general tribal membership in a regular mailer. “It just somehow blew up and got out of control, when it was not really meant to be shared.”

Ruttan said Water Resources has received a lot of calls due to the notice, and so she and Rosas met on Thursday so she could explain the county’s aquatic weed abatement program.

“I need answers to all my questions,” said Rosas, who plans to relay the discussion to tribal members.

Moy said that, from the county’s perspective and based on the environmental documentation prepared for the aquatic weed control program, the herbicides do not adversely affect the water for swimming. 

“Tribal environmental offices may differ in their opinion of the program, but the county’s position is that the areas treated with the herbicides are safe for swimming,” he said.

Ruttan added that herbicides and pesticides are well regulated at the local, state and federal level, and tested extensively by federal and state agencies. She said stringent requirements are placed on their use.

She said only one herbicide that the county uses for its program, 2,4-D, requires a 24-hour notice be issued against swimming. So far it hasn’t been used this season although it will be later on, she said.

Ruttan said that herbicide is used to protect swim beaches so weeds don’t become a hazard for the swimmers. There have been issues with children and other swimmers getting tangled in the weeds, she added.

Ruttan said 2,4-D is used on Eurasian watermilfoil, the worst weed – besides hydrilla, which the state deals with – in Clear Lake. It’s not even a habitat for fish. She said it’s all over Clear Lake, and is known to be a problem elsewhere..

“It’s now Washington state’s most noxious weed,” with that state running a program to eradicate it, she said.

Cyanobacteria bloom impacting lake

Moy said the other factor currently affecting the lake is a widespread cyanobacteria bloom.

Ruttan said the bloom began to appear around the middle of May. 

She said cyanobacteria – a primitive life form – splits every four hours, thus doubling in number. This year it is very aggressive in the lake; she said she’s not seen so much of it before.

Sarah Ryan, environmental director for Big Valley Rancheria, explained that cyanobacteria is natural part of the ecosystem that studies have shown can come to dominate a water system when there are excessive amounts of phosphorous or nitrogen.

This year it looks very different – it appears in shades of near-fluorescent green or bright blue – and is collecting on the surface.

Over the last several years, microcystis was the prevalent kind of cyanobacteria on the lake, Ryan said.

However, this year, dolichospermum is the chief type of cyanobacteria in Clear Lake this year; it also appeared last year. Ryan said the same cyanobacteria also has been detected in Blue Lakes this year.

As dense as the surface coverage of the cyanobacteria is in Clear Lake is this, Moy said no toxins have been detected in it so far. 

He added that monitoring is continuing as the situation could change. 

Ryan also reported that water samples taken from several sites, in particular areas where the cyanobacteria bloom looked particularly bad have, in previous testing conducted his season, showed no toxins. 

However, on Friday she said a recent set of samples may have some low toxin levels, and the tribe is awaiting lab results to be completed early next week.

As a precaution, Moy said swimmers are advised not to consume raw lake water and dog owners should likewise restrain their pets from consuming or coming into contact with lake water as the dog may lick its fur. Swimmers should rinse off soon after getting out of the water.

Separately, Dr. Karen M. Tait, Lake County’s public health officer, told Lake County News that she’s also recommending caution when swimming for both pets and people, particularly in areas where water does not appear normal.

Tait said one “suspect” case of gastrointestinal illness associated with swimming in the lower arm of Clear Lake has been reported to her office. That case involved symptoms that manifested within a few hours of swimming and lasted for a couple of days.

However, Tait cautioned that there is no way to prove the connection between swimming and the illness as other causes weren’t ruled out. As a result, she’s considering it suspect for surveillance purposes, adding she will be watchful for any additional cases.    

Updates on the cyanobacteria blooms in California can be found at www.mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/index.html .

For more information contact the Lake County Water Resources Department at 707-263-2344.

Email Elizabeth Larson at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. . Follow her on Twitter, @ERLarson, or Lake County News, @LakeCoNews.

nasastarsborninpairs

Did our sun have a twin when it was born 4.5 billion years ago?

Almost certainly yes – though not an identical twin. And so did every other sunlike star in the universe, according to a new analysis by a theoretical physicist from the University of California, Berkeley, and a radio astronomer from the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory at Harvard University.

Many stars have companions, including our nearest neighbor, Alpha Centauri, a triplet system. Astronomers have long sought an explanation. Are binary and triplet star systems born that way? Did one star capture another? Do binary stars sometimes split up and become single stars?

Astonomers have even searched for a companion to our sun, a star dubbed Nemesis because it was supposed to have kicked an asteroid into Earth's orbit that collided with our planet and exterminated the dinosaurs. It has never been found.

The new assertion is based on a radio survey of a giant molecular cloud filled with recently formed stars in the constellation Perseus, and a mathematical model that can explain the Perseus observations only if all sunlike stars are born with a companion.

"We are saying, yes, there probably was a Nemesis, a long time ago," said co-author Steven Stahler, a UC Berkeley research astronomer.

"We ran a series of statistical models to see if we could account for the relative populations of young single stars and binaries of all separations in the Perseus molecular cloud, and the only model that could reproduce the data was one in which all stars form initially as wide binaries. These systems then either shrink or break apart within a million years."

In this study, "wide" means that the two stars are separated by more than 500 astronomical units, or AU, where one astronomical unit is the average distance between the sun and Earth. A wide binary companion to our sun would have been 17 times farther from the sun than its most distant planet today, Neptune.

Based on this model, the sun's sibling most likely escaped and mixed with all the other stars in our region of the Milky Way galaxy, never to be seen again.

"The idea that many stars form with a companion has been suggested before, but the question is: how many?" said first author Sarah Sadavoy, a NASA Hubble fellow at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. "Based on our simple model, we say that nearly all stars form with a companion. The Perseus cloud is generally considered a typical low-mass star-forming region, but our model needs to be checked in other clouds."

The idea that all stars are born in a litter has implications beyond star formation, including the very origins of galaxies, Stahler said.

Stahler and Sadavoy posted their findings in April on the arXiv server. Their paper has been accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Stars birthed in 'dense cores'

Astronomers have speculated about the origins of binary and multiple star systems for hundreds of years, and in recent years have created computer simulations of collapsing masses of gas to understand how they condense under gravity into stars. They have also simulated the interaction of many young stars recently freed from their gas clouds.

Several years ago, one such computer simulation by Pavel Kroupa of the University of Bonn led him to conclude that all stars are born as binaries.

Yet direct evidence from observations has been scarce. As astronomers look at younger and younger stars, they find a greater proportion of binaries, but why is still a mystery.

“The key here is that no one looked before in a systematic way at the relation of real young stars to the clouds that spawn them," Stahler said. "Our work is a step forward in understanding both how binaries form and also the role that binaries play in early stellar evolution.  We now believe that most stars, which are quite similar to our own sun, form as binaries. I think we have the strongest evidence to date for such an assertion.”

According to Stahler, astronomers have known for several decades that stars are born inside egg-shaped cocoons called dense cores, which are sprinkled throughout immense clouds of cold, molecular hydrogen that are the nurseries for young stars.

Through an optical telescope, these clouds look like holes in the starry sky, because the dust accompanying the gas blocks light from both the stars forming inside and the stars behind.

The clouds can, however, be probed by radio telescopes, since the cold dust grains in them emit at these radio wavelengths, and radio waves are not blocked by the dust.

The Perseus molecular cloud is one such stellar nursery, about 600 light-years from Earth and about 50 light-years long. Last year, a team of astronomers completed a survey that used the Very Large Array, a collection of radio dishes in New Mexico, to look at star formation inside the cloud.

Called VANDAM, it was the first complete survey of all young stars in a molecular cloud, that is, stars less than about 4 million years old, including both single and mulitple stars down to separations of about 15 astronomical units.

This captured all multiple stars with a separation of more than about the radius of Uranus' orbit – 19 AU – in our solar system.

Stahler heard about the survey after approaching Sadavoy, a member of the VANDAM team, and asking for her help in observing young stars inside dense cores.

The VANDAM survey produced a census of all Class 0 stars – those less than about 500,000 years old – and Class I stars – those between about 500,000 and 1 million years old. 

Both types of stars are so young that they are not yet burning hydrogen to produce energy.

Sadavoy took the results from VANDAM and combined them with additional observations that reveal the egg-shaped cocoons around the young stars.

These additional observations come from the Gould Belt Survey with SCUBA-2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii.

By combining these two data sets, Sadavoy was able to produce a robust census of the binary and single-star populations in Perseus, turning up 55 young stars in 24 multiple-star systems, all but five of them binary, and 45 single-star systems.

Using these data, Sadavoy and Stahler discovered that all of the widely separated binary systems – those with stars separated by more than 500 AU - were very young systems, containing two Class 0 stars. These systems also tended to be aligned with the long axis of the egg-shaped dense core.

The slightly older Class I binary stars were closer together, many separated by about 200 AU, and showed no tendency to align along the egg's axis.

"This has not been seen before or tested, and is super interesting," Sadavoy said. "We don't yet know quite what it means, but it isn't random and must say something about the way wide binaries form."

Egg-shaped cores collapse into two centers

Stahler and Sadavoy mathematically modeled various scenarios to explain this distribution of stars, assuming typical formation, breakup and orbital shrinking times.

They concluded that the only way to explain the observations is to assume that all stars of masses around that of the sun start off as wide Class 0 binaries in egg-shaped dense cores, after which some 60 percent split up over time. The rest shrink to form tight binaries.

"As the egg contracts, the densest part of the egg will be toward the middle, and that forms two concentrations of density along the middle axis," he said. "These centers of higher density at some point collapse in on themselves because of their self-gravity to form Class 0 stars."

"Within our picture, single low-mass, sunlike stars are not primordial," Stahler added. "They are the result of the breakup of binaries. "

Their theory implies that each dense core, which typically comprises a few solar masses, converts twice as much material into stars as was previously thought.

Stahler said that he has been asking radio astronomers to compare dense cores with their embedded young stars for more than 20 years, in order to test theories of binary star formation.

The new data and model are a start, he says, but more work needs to be done to understand the physics behind the rule.

Such studies may come along soon, because the capabilities of a now-upgraded VLA and the ALMA telescope in Chile, plus the SCUBA-2 survey in Hawaii, "are finally giving us the data and statistics we need. This is going to change our understanding of dense cores and the embedded stars within them," Sadavoy said.

Robert Sanders writes for the UC Berkeley News Center.

Upcoming Calendar

21Sep
09.21.2024 4:00 pm - 10:00 pm
Passion Play fundraiser
21Sep
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Lake County Wine Auction
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